Network Working Group R. Mandeville
Request for Comments: 2889 CQOS Inc.
Category: Informational J. Perser
Spirent Communications
August 2000

Benchmarking Methodology for LAN Switching Devices

Status of this Memo

This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.

Table of Contents

1. IntrodUCtion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Test setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4. Frame formats and sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. Benchmarking Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.1 Fully meshed throughput, frame loss and forwarding rates 4
5.2 Partially meshed one-to-many/many-to-one . . . . . . . . 7
5.3 Partially meshed multiple devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4 Partially meshed unidirectional traffic . . . . . . . . . 13
5.5 Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.6 Forward Pressure and Maximum Forwarding Rate . . . . . . 19
5.7 Address caching capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.8 Address learning rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.9 Errored frames filtering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.10 Broadcast frame Forwarding and Latency . . . . . . . . . 28
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix A: Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Appendix B: Generating Offered Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1. Introduction

This document is intended to provide methodology for the benchmarking
of local area network (LAN) switching devices. It extends the
methodology already defined for benchmarking network interconnecting
devices in RFC2544 [3] to switching devices.

This RFCprimarily deals with devices which switch frames at the
Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. It provides a methodology for
benchmarking switching devices, forwarding performance, congestion
control, latency, address handling and filtering. In addition to
defining the tests, this document also describes specific formats for
reporting the results of the tests.

A previous document, "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching
Devices" [2], defined many of the terms that are used in this
document. The terminology document SHOULD be consulted before
attempting to make use of this document.

2. Requirements

The following RFCs SHOULD be consulted before attempting to make use
of this document: RFC1242 [1], RFC2285 [2], and RFC2544 [3].

For the sake of clarity and continuity, this RFCadopts the template
for benchmarking tests set out in Section 26 of RFC2544.

The key Words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119.

3. Test setup

This document extends the general test setup described in section 6
of RFC2544 [3] to the benchmarking of LAN switching devices. RFC
2544 [3] primarily describes non-meshed traffic where input and
output interfaces are grouped in mutually exclusive sending and
receiving pairs. In fully meshed traffic, each interface of a
DUT/SUT is set up to both receive and transmit frames to all the
other interfaces under test.

Prior to each test run, the DUT/SUT MUST learn the MAC addresses used
in the test and the address learning SHOULD be verified. Addresses
not learned will be forwarded as flooded frames and reduce the amount
of correctly forwarded frames. The rate at which address learning
frames are offered may have to be adjusted to be as low as 50 frames
per second or even less, to guarantee successful learning. The
DUT/SUT address aging time SHOULD be configured to be greater than

the period of the learning phase of the test plus the trial duration
plus any configuration time required by the testing device.
Addresses SHOULD NOT age out until the trial duration is completed.
More than one learning trial may be needed for the association of the
address to the port to occur.

If a DUT/SUT uses a hashing algorithm with address learning, the
DUT/SUT may not learn the necessary addresses to perform the tests.
The format of the MAC addresses MUST be adjustable so that the
address mapping may be re-arranged to ensure that the DUT/SUT learns
all the addresses.

4. Frame formats and sizes

The test frame format is defined in RFC2544 section 8 [3] and MUST
contain a unique signature field located in the UDP DATA area of the
Test Frame (see Appendix C [3]). The purpose of the signature field
is filter out frames that are not part of the offered load.

The signature field MUST be unique enough to identify the frames not
originating from the DUT/SUT. The signature field SHOULD be located
after byte 56 (collision window [4] ) or at the end of the frame. The
length, contents and method of detection is not defined in this memo.

The signature field MAY have a unique identifier per port. This
would filter out misforwarded frames. It is possible for a DUT/SUT
to strip off the MAC layer, send it through its switching matrix, and
transmit it out with the correct destination MAC address but the
wrong payload.

For frame sizes, refer to RFC2544, section 9 [3].

There are three possible frame formats for layer 2 Ethernet switches:
standard MAC Ethernet frames, standard MAC Ethernet frames with
vendor-specific tags added to them, and IEEE 802.3ac frames tagged to
accommodate 802.1p&Q. The two types of tagged frames may exceed the
standard maximum length frame of 1518 bytes, and may not be accepted
by the interface controllers of some DUT/SUTs. It is recommended to
check the compatibility of the DUT/SUT with tagged frames before
testing.

Devices switching tagged frames of over 1518 bytes will have a
different maximum forwarding rate than untagged frames.

5. Benchmarking Tests

The following tests offer objectives, procedures, and reporting
formats for benchmarking LAN switching devices.

5.1 Fully meshed throughput, frame loss and forwarding rates

5.1.1 Objective

To determine the throughput, frame loss and forwarding rates of
DUT/SUTs offered fully meshed traffic as defined in RFC2285 [2].

5.1.2 Setup Parameters

When offering full meshed traffic, the following parameters MUST be
defined. Each parameter is configured with the following
considerations.

Frame Size - Recommended frame sizes are 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024,
1280 and 1518 bytes, per RFC2544 section 9 [3]. The four CRC
bytes are included in the frame size specified.

Interframe Gap (IFG) - The IFG between frames inside a burst MUST
be at the minimum specified by the standard (9.6 us for 10Mbps
Ethernet, 960 ns for 100Mbps Ethernet, and 96 ns for 1 Gbps
Ethernet) of the medium being tested.

Duplex mode - Half duplex or full duplex.

ILoad - Intended Load per port is eXPressed in a percentage of the
medium's maximum theoretical load, regardless of traffic
orientation or duplex mode. Certain test configurations will
theoretically over-subscribe the DUT/SUT.

In half duplex, an ILoad over 50% will over-subscribe the DUT/SUT.

Burst Size - The burst size defines the number of frames sent
back-to-back at the minimum legal IFG [4] before pausing
transmission to receive frames. Burst sizes SHOULD vary between 1
and 930 frames. A burst size of 1 will simulate constant load
[1].

Addresses per port - Represents the number of addresses which are
being tested for each port. Number of addresses SHOULD be a
binary exponential (i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ...).
Recommended value is 1.

Trial Duration - The recommended Trial Duration is 30 seconds.
Trial duration SHOULD be adjustable between 1 and 300 seconds.

5.1.3 Procedure

All ports on the tester MUST transmit test frames either in a Frame
Based or Time Based mode (Appendix B). All ports SHOULD start
transmitting their frames within 1% of the trial duration. For a
trial duration of 30 seconds, all ports SHOULD have started
transmitting frames within 300 milliseconds of each other.

Each port in the test MUST send test frames to all other ports in a
round robin type fashion. The sequence of addresses MUST NOT change
when congestion control is applied. The following table shows how
each port in a test MUST transmit test frames to all other ports in
the test. In this example, there are six ports with 1 address per
port:

Source Port Destination Ports (in order of transmission)

Port #1 2 3 4 5 6 2...
Port #2 3 4 5 6 1 3...
Port #3 4 5 6 1 2 4...
Port #4 5 6 1 2 3 5...
Port #5 6 1 2 3 4 6...
Port #6 1 2 3 4 5 1...

As shown in the table, there is an equal distribution of destination
addresses for each transmit opportunity. This keeps the test balanced
so that one destination port is not overloaded by the test algorithm
and all ports are equally and fully loaded throughout the test. Not
following this algorithm exactly will produce inconsistent results.

For tests using multiple addresses per port, the actual port
destinations are the same as described above and the actual
source/destination address pairs SHOULD be chosen randomly to
exercise the DUT/SUT's ability to perform address lookups.

For every address, learning frames MUST be sent to the DUT/SUT to
allow the DUT/SUT update its address tables properly.

5.1.4 Measurements

Each port should receive the same number of test frames that it
transmitted. Each receiving port MUST categorize, then count the
frames into one of two groups:

1.) Received Frames: received frames MUST have the correct
destination MAC address and SHOULD match a signature field.

2.) Flood count [2].

Any frame originating from the DUT/SUT (spanning tree, SNMP, RIP,
...) MUST not be counted as a received frame. Frames originating
from the DUT/SUT MAY be counted as flooded frames or not counted at
all.

Frame loss rate of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as defined in
section 26.3 [3] with the following notes: Frame loss rate SHOULD be
measured at the end of the trail duration. The term "rate", for this
measurement only, does not imply the units in the fashion of "per
second."

5.1.4.1 Throughput

Throughput measurement is defined in section 26.1 [3]. A search
algorithm is employed to find the maximum Oload [2] with a zero Frame
loss rate [1]. The algorithm MUST adjust Iload to find the
throughput.

5.1.4.2 Forwarding Rate

Forwarding rate (FR) of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as the number
of test frames per second that the device is observed to successfully
forward to the correct destination interface in response to a
specified Oload. The Oload MUST also be cited.

Forwarding rate at maximum offered load (FRMOL) MUST be reported as
the number of test frames per second that a device can successfully
transmit to the correct destination interface in response to the MOL
as defined in section 3.6 [2]. The MOL MUST also be cited.

Maximum forwarding rate (MFR) MUST be reported as the highest
forwarding rate of a DUT/SUT taken from an iterative set of
forwarding rate measurements. The iterative set of forwarding rate
measurements are made by adjusting Iload. The Oload applied to the
device MUST also be cited.

5.1.5 Reporting format

The results for these tests SHOULD be reported in the form of a
graph. The x coordinate SHOULD be the frame size, the y coordinate
SHOULD be the test results. There SHOULD be at least two lines on
the graph, one plotting the theoretical and one plotting the test
results.

To measure the DUT/SUT's ability to switch traffic while performing
many different address lookups, the number of addresses per port MAY
be increased in a series of tests.

5.2 Partially meshed one-to-many/many-to-one

5.2.1 Objective

To determine the throughput when transmitting from/to multiple ports
and to/from one port. As with the fully meshed throughput test, this
test is a measure of the capability of the DUT to switch frames
without frame loss. Results of this test can be used to determine
the ability of the DUT to utilize an Ethernet port when switching
traffic from multiple Ethernet ports.

5.2.2 Setup Parameters

When offering bursty meshed traffic, the following parameters MUST be
defined. Each parameter is configured with the following
considerations.

Frame Size - Recommended frame sizes are 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024,
1280 and 1518 bytes, per RFC2544 section 9 [3]. The four CRC
bytes are included in the frame size specified.

Traffic Direction - Traffic can be generated in one direction, the
reverse direction, or both directions.

Interframe Gap (IFG) - The IFG between frames inside a burst MUST
be at the minimum specified by the standard (9.6 us for 10Mbps
Ethernet, 960 ns for 100Mbps Ethernet, and 96 ns for 1 Gbps
Ethernet) of the medium being tested.

Duplex mode - Half duplex or full duplex.

ILoad - Intended Load per port is expressed in a percentage of the
medium's maximum theoretical load, regardless of traffic
orientation or duplex mode. Certain test configurations will
theoretically over-subscribe the DUT/SUT.

In half duplex bidirectional traffic, an ILoad over 50% will
over-subscribe the DUT/SUT.

Burst Size - The burst size defines the number of frames sent
back-to-back at the minimum legal IFG [4] before pausing
transmission to receive frames. Burst sizes SHOULD vary between 1
and 930 frames. A burst size of 1 will simulate constant load
[1].

Addresses per port - Represents the number of addresses which are
being tested for each port. Number of addresses SHOULD be a
binary exponential (i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ...).
Recommended value is 1.

Trial Duration - The recommended Trial Duration is 30 seconds.
Trial duration SHOULD be adjustable between 1 and 300 seconds.

5.2.3 Procedure

All ports on the tester MUST transmit test frames either in a Frame
Based or Time Based mode (Appendix B). Depending upon traffic
direction, some or all of the ports will be transmitting. All ports
SHOULD start transmitting their frames within 1% of the trial
duration. For a trial duration of 30 seconds, all ports SHOULD have
started transmitting frames within 300 milliseconds of each other.

Test frames transmitted from the Many Ports MUST be destined to the
One port. Test frames transmitted from the One Port MUST be destined
to the Many ports in a round robin type fashion. See section 5.1.3
for a description of the round robin fashion.

For tests using multiple addresses per port, the actual port
destinations are the same as described above and the actual
source/destination address pairs SHOULD be chosen randomly to
exercise the DUT/SUT's ability to perform address lookups.

+----------+

Many <--------

+----------+

+----------+ +-------------+
------------>
Many <-----------------------> One
------------>
+----------+ / +-------------+
/
+----------+ /
/
Many <-------

+----------+

For every address, the testing device MUST send learning frames to
allow the DUT/SUT to update its address tables properly.

5.2.4 Measurements

Each receiving port MUST categorize, then count the frames into one
of two groups:

1.) Received Frames: received frames MUST have the correct
destination MAC address and SHOULD match a signature field.

2.) Flood count [2].

Any frame originating from the DUT/SUT MUST not be counted as a
received frame. Frames originating from the DUT/SUT MAY be counted
as flooded frames or not counted at all.

Forwarding rate (FR) of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as the number
of test frames per second that the device is observed to successfully
transmit to the correct destination interface in response to a
specified Oload. The Oload MUST also be cited.

Forwarding rate at maximum offered load (FRMOL) MUST be reported as
the number of test frames per second that a device can successfully
transmit to the correct destination interface in response to the MOL
as defined in section 3.6 [2]. The MOL MUST also be cited.

Maximum forwarding rate (MFR) MUST be reported as the highest
forwarding rate of a DUT/SUT taken from an iterative set of
forwarding rate measurements. The iterative set of forwarding rate
measurements are made by adjusting Iload. The Oload applied to the
device MUST also be cited.

5.2.5 Reporting Format

The results for these tests SHOULD be reported in the form of a
graph. The x coordinate SHOULD be the frame size, the y coordinate
SHOULD be the test results. There SHOULD be at least two lines on
the graph, one plotting the theoretical and one plotting the test
results.

To measure the DUT/SUT's ability to switch traffic while performing
many different address lookups, the number of addresses per port MAY
be increased in a series of tests.

5.3 Partially meshed multiple devices

5.3.1 Objective

To determine the throughput, frame loss and forwarding rates of two
switching devices equipped with multiple ports and one high speed
backbone uplink (Gigabit Ethernet, ATM, SONET).

5.3.2 Setup Parameters

When offering bursty partially meshed traffic, the following
parameters MUST be defined. Each variable is configured with the
following considerations.

Frame Size - Recommended frame sizes are 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024,
1280 and 1518 bytes, per RFC2544 section 9 [3]. The four CRC
bytes are included in the frame size specified.

Interframe Gap (IFG) - The IFG between frames inside a burst MUST
be at the minimum specified by the standard (9.6 us for 10Mbps
Ethernet, 960 ns for 100Mbps Ethernet, and 96 ns for 1 Gbps
Ethernet) of the medium being tested.

Duplex mode - Half duplex or full duplex.

ILoad - Intended Load per port is expressed in a percentage of the
medium's maximum theoretical load, regardless of traffic
orientation or duplex mode. Certain test configurations will
theoretically over-subscribe the DUT/SUT.

In half duplex, an ILoad over 50% will over-subscribe the DUT/SUT.

Burst Size - The burst size defines the number of frames sent
back-to-back at the minimum legal IFG [4] before pausing
transmission to receive frames. Burst sizes SHOULD vary between 1
and 930 frames. A burst size of 1 will simulate constant load
[1].

Addresses per port - Represents the number of addresses which are
being tested for each port. Number of addresses SHOULD be a
binary exponential (i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ...).
Recommended value is 1.

Trial Duration - The recommended Trial Duration is 30 seconds.
Trial duration SHOULD be adjustable between 1 and 300 seconds.

Local Traffic - A Boolean value of ON or OFF. The frame sequence
algorithm MAY be altered to remove local traffic. With local
traffic ON, the algorithm is exactly the same as a fully meshed
throughput. With local traffic OFF, the port sends frames to all
other ports on the other side of the backbone uplink in a round
robin type fashion.

5.3.3 Procedure

All ports on the tester MUST transmit test frames either in a Frame
Based or Time Based mode (Appendix B). All ports SHOULD start
transmitting their frames within 1% of the trial duration. For a
trial duration of 30 seconds, all ports SHOULD have started
transmitting frames with 300 milliseconds of each other.

Each port in the test MUST send test frames to all other ports in a
round robin type fashion as defined in section 5.1.3. Local traffic
MAY be removed from the round robin list in order to send the entire
load across the backbone uplink.

For tests using multiple addresses per port, the actual port
destinations are the same as described above and the actual
source/destination address pairs SHOULD be chosen randomly to
exercise the DUT/SUT's ability to perform address lookups.

For every address, the testing device MUST send learning frames to
allow the DUT/SUT to update its address tables properly.

To measure the DUT/SUT's ability to switch traffic while performing
many different address lookups, the number of addresses per port MAY
be increased in a series of tests.

5.3.4 Measurements

Each receiving port MUST categorize, then count the frames into one
of two groups:

1.) Received frames MUST have the correct destination MAC address
and SHOULD match a signature field.

2.) Flood count [2].

Any frame originating from the DUT/SUT MUST not be counted as a
received frame. Frames originating from the DUT/SUT MAY be counted
as flooded frames or not counted at all.

Frame loss rate of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as defined in
section 26.3 [3] with the following notes: Frame loss rate SHOULD be
measured at the end of the trial duration. The term "rate", for this
measurement only, does not imply the units in the fashion of "per
second."

5.3.4.1 Throughput

Throughput measurement is defined in section 26.1 [3]. A search
algorithm is employed to find the maximum Oload [2] with a zero Frame
loss rate [1]. The algorithm MUST adjust Iload to find the
throughput.

5.3.4.2 Forwarding rate

Forwarding rate (FR) of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as the number
of test frames per second that the device is observed to successfully
forward to the correct destination interface in response to a
specified Oload. The Oload MUST also be cited.

Forwarding rate at maximum offered load (FRMOL) MUST be reported as
the number of test frames per second that a device can successfully
transmit to the correct destination interface in response to the MOL
as defined in section 3.6 [2]. The MOL MUST also be cited.

Maximum forwarding rate (MFR) MUST be reported as the highest
forwarding rate of a DUT/SUT taken from an iterative set of
forwarding rate measurements. The iterative set of forwarding rate
measurements are made by adjusting Iload. The Oload applied to the
device MUST also be cited.

5.3.5 Reporting format

The results for these tests SHOULD be reported in the form of a
graph. The x coordinate SHOULD be the frame size, the y coordinate
SHOULD be the test results. There SHOULD be at least two lines on
the graph, one plotting the theoretical and one plotting the test
results.

To measure the DUT/SUT's ability to switch traffic while performing
many different address lookups, the number of addresses per port MAY
be increased in a series of tests.

5.4 Partially meshed unidirectional traffic

5.4.1 Objective

To determine the throughput of the DUT/SUT when presented multiple
streams of unidirectional traffic with half of the ports on the
DUT/SUT are transmitting frames destined to the other half of the
ports.

5.4.2 Setup Parameters

The following parameters MUST be defined. Each variable is
configured with the following considerations.

Frame Size - Recommended frame sizes are 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024,
1280 and 1518 bytes, per RFC2544 section 9 [3]. The four CRC
bytes are included in the frame size specified.

Interframe Gap (IFG) - The IFG between frames inside a burst MUST
be at the minimum specified by the standard (9.6 us for 10Mbps
Ethernet, 960 ns for 100Mbps Ethernet, and 96 ns for 1 Gbps
Ethernet) of the medium being tested.

Duplex mode - Half duplex or full duplex.

ILoad - Intended Load per port is expressed in a percentage of the
medium's maximum theoretical load, regardless of traffic
orientation or duplex mode. Certain test configurations will
theoretically over-subscribe the DUT/SUT.

ILoad will not over-subscribe the DUT/SUT in this test.

Burst Size - The burst size defines the number of frames sent
back-to-back at the minimum legal IFG [4] before pausing
transmission to receive frames. Burst sizes SHOULD vary between 1
and 930 frames. A burst size of 1 will simulate constant load
[1].

Addresses per port - Represents the number of addresses which are
being tested for each port. Number of addresses SHOULD be a
binary exponential (i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ...).
Recommended value is 1.

Trial Duration - The recommended Trial Duration is 30 seconds.
Trial duration SHOULD be adjustable between 1 and 300 seconds.

5.4.3 Procedure

Ports do not send and receive test frames simultaneously. As a
consequence, there should be no collisions unless the DUT is
misforwarding frames, generating flooded or Spanning-Tree frames
or is enabling some flow control mechanism. Ports used for this
test are either transmitting or receiving, but not both. Those
ports which are transmitting send test frames destined to
addresses corresponding to each of the ports receiving. This
creates a unidirectional mesh of traffic.

All ports on the tester MUST transmit test frames either in a
Frame Based or Time Based mode (Appendix B). All ports SHOULD
start transmitting their frames within 1% of the trial duration.
For a trial duration of 30 seconds, all ports SHOULD have started
transmitting frames with 300 milliseconds of each other.

Each transmitting port in the test MUST send frames to all
receiving ports in a round robin type fashion. The sequence of
addresses MUST NOT change when congestion control is applied.
The following table shows how each port in a test MUST transmit
test frames to all other ports in the test. In this 8 port
example, port 1 through 4 are transmitting and ports 5 through 8
are receiving; each with 1 address per port:

Source Port, then Destination Ports (in order of transmission)

Port #1 5 6 7 8 5 6...
Port #2 6 7 8 5 6 7...
Port #3 7 8 5 6 7 8...
Port #4 8 5 6 7 8 5...

As shown in the table, there is an equal distribution of
destination addresses for each transmit opportunity. This keeps
the test balanced so that one destination port is not overloaded
by the test algorithm and all receiving ports are equally and
fully loaded throughout the test. Not following this algorithm
exactly will product inconsistent results.

For tests using multiple addresses per port, the actual port
destinations are the same as described above and the actual
source/destination address pairs SHOULD be chosen randomly to
exercise the DUT/SUT's ability to perform address lookups.

For every address, the testing device MUST send learning frames to
allow the DUT/SUT to load its address tables properly. The
address table's aging time SHOULD be set sufficiently longer than

the learning time and trial duration time combined. If the
address table ages out during the test, the results will show a
lower performing DUT/SUT.

To measure the DUT/SUT's ability to switch traffic while
performing many different address lookups, the number of addresses
per port MAY be increased in a series of tests.

5.4.4 Measurements

Each receiving port MUST categorize, then count the frames into
one of two groups:

1.) Received Frames: received frames MUST have the correct
destination MAC address and SHOULD match a signature field.

2.) Flood count [2].

Any frame originating from the DUT/SUT MUST not be counted as a
received frame. Frames originating from the DUT/SUT MAY be counted
as flooded frames or not counted at all.

Frame loss rate of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as defined in
section 26.3 [3] with the following notes: Frame loss rate SHOULD be
measured at the end of the trial duration. The term "rate", for this
measurement only, does not imply the units in the fashion of "per
second."

5.4.4.1 Throughput

Throughput measurement is defined in section 26.1 [3]. A search
algorithm is employed to find the maximum Oload [2] with a zero Frame
loss rate [1]. The algorithm MUST adjust Iload to find the
throughput.

5.4.4.2 Forwarding rate

Forwarding rate (FR) of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as the number
of test frames per second that the device is observed to successfully
forward to the correct destination interface in response to a
specified Oload. The Oload MUST also be cited.

Forwarding rate at maximum offered load (FRMOL) MUST be reported as
the number of test frames per second that a device can successfully
transmit to the correct destination interface in response to the MOL
as defined in section 3.6 [2]. The MOL MUST also be cited.

Maximum forwarding rate (MFR) MUST be reported as the highest
forwarding rate of a DUT/SUT taken from an iterative set of
forwarding rate measurements. The iterative set of forwarding rate
measurements are made by adjusting Iload. The Oload applied to the
device MUST also be cited.

5.4.5 Reporting format

The results for these tests SHOULD be reported in the form of a
graph. The x coordinate SHOULD be the frame size, the y coordinate
SHOULD be the test results. There SHOULD be at least two lines on
the graph, one plotting the theoretical and one plotting the test
results.

To measure the DUT/SUT's ability to switch traffic while performing
many different address lookups, the number of addresses per port MAY
be increased in a series of tests.

5.5 Congestion Control

5.5.1 Objective

To determine how a DUT handles congestion. Does the device implement
congestion control and does congestion on one port affect an
uncongested port. This procedure determines if Head of Line Blocking
and/or Backpressure are present.

5.5.2 Setup Parameters

The following parameters MUST be defined. Each variable is
configured with the following considerations.

Frame Size - Recommended frame sizes are 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024,
1280 and 1518 bytes, per RFC2544 section 9 [3]. The four CRC
bytes are included in the frame size specified.

Interframe Gap (IFG) - The IFG between frames inside a burst MUST
be at the minimum specified by the standard (9.6 us for 10Mbps
Ethernet, 960 ns for 100Mbps Ethernet, and 96 ns for 1 Gbps
Ethernet) of the medium being tested.

Duplex mode - Half duplex or full duplex.

Addresses per port - Represents the number of addresses which are
being tested for each port. Number of addresses SHOULD be a
binary exponential (i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ...).
Recommended value is 1.

Trial Duration - The recommended Trial Duration is 30 seconds.
Trial duration SHOULD be adjustable between 1 and 300 seconds.

5.5.3 Procedure

This test MUST consist of a multiple of four ports with the same MOL.
Four ports are REQUIRED and MAY be expanded to fully utilize the
DUT/SUT in increments of four. Each group of four will contain a
test block with two of the ports as source transmitters and two of
the ports as receivers. The diagram below depicts the flow of traffic
between the switch ports:

+----------+ 50 % MOL +-------------+
------------------------>
50 % MOL uncongested
---------
+----------+ +-------------+



+----------+ +-------------+
--------->
100 % MOL congested
------------------------>
+----------+ +-------------+

Both source transmitters MUST transmit the exact number of test
frames. The first source MUST transmit test frames at the MOL with
the destination address of the two receive ports in an alternating
order. The first test frame to the uncongested receive port, second
test frame to the congested receive port, then repeat. The second
source transmitter MUST transmit test frames at the MOL only to the
congested receive port.

Both receive ports SHOULD distinguish between test frames originating
from the source ports and frames originating from the DUT/SUT. Only
test frames from the source ports SHOULD be counted.

The uncongested receive port should be receiving at a rate of half
the MOL. The number of test frames received on the uncongested port
SHOULD be 50% of the test frames transmitted by the first source
transmitter. The congested receive port should be receiving at the
MOL. The number of test frames received on the congested port should
be between 100% and 150% of the test frames transmitted by one source
transmitter.

Test frames destined to uncongested ports in a switch device should
not be dropped due to other ports being congested, even if the source
is sending to both the congested and uncongested ports.

5.5.4 Measurements

Any frame received which does not have the correct destination
address MUST not be counted as a received frame and SHOULD be counted
as part of a flood count.

Any frame originating from the DUT/SUT MUST not be counted as a
received frame. Frames originating from the DUT/SUT MAY be counted
as flooded frames or not counted at all.

Frame loss rate of the DUT/SUT's congested and uncongested ports MUST
be reported as defined in section 26.3 [3] with the following notes:
Frame loss rate SHOULD be measured at the end of the trial duration.
The term "rate", for this measurement only, does not imply the units
in the fashion of "per second."

Offered Load to the DUT/SUT MUST be reported as the number of test
frames per second that the DUT/SUT observed to accept. This may be
different that the MOL.

Forwarding rate (FR) of the DUT/SUT's congested and uncongested ports
MUST be reported as the number of test frames per second that the
device is observed to successfully transmit to the correct
destination interface in response to a specified offered load. The
offered load MUST also be cited.

5.5.5 Reporting format

This test MUST report the frame lost rate at the uncongested port,
the forwarding rate (at 50% offered load) at the uncongested port,
and the frame lost rate at the congested port. This test MAY report
the frame counts transmitted and frame counts received by the
DUT/SUT.

5.5.5.1 HOLB

If there is frame loss at the uncongested port, "Head of Line"
blocking is present. The DUT cannot forward the amount of traffic to
the congested port and as a result it is also losing frames destined
to the uncongested port.

5.5.5.2 Back Pressure

If there is no frame loss on the congested port, then backpressure is
present. It should be noted that this test expects the overall load
to the congested port to be greater than 100%. Therefore if the load
is greater than 100% and no frame loss is detected, then the DUT must
be implementing a flow control mechanism. The type of flow control
mechanism used is beyond the scope of this memo.

It should be noted that some DUTs may not be able to handle the 100%
load presented at the input port. In this case, there may be frame
loss reported at the uncongested port which is due to the load at the
input port rather than the congested port's load.

If the uncongested frame loss is reported as zero, but the maximum
forwarding rate is less than 7440 (for 10Mbps Ethernet), then this
may be an indication of congestion control being enforced by the DUT.
In this case, the congestion control is affecting the throughput of
the uncongested port.

If no congestion control is detected, the expected percentage frame
loss for the congested port is 33% at 150% overload. It is receiving
100% load from 1 port, and 50% from another, and can only get 100%
possible throughput, therefore having a frame loss rate of 33%
(150%-50%/150%).

5.6 Forward Pressure and Maximum Forwarding Rate

5.6.1 Objective

The Forward Pressure test overloads a DUT/SUT port and measures the
output for forward pressure [2]. If the DUT/SUT transmits frames
with an interframe gap less than 96 bits (section 4.2.3.2.2 [4]),
then forward pressure is detected.

The objective of the Maximum Forwarding Rate test is to measure the
peak value of the Forwarding Rate when the Offered Load is varied
between the throughput [1] and the Maximum Offered Load [2].

5.6.2 Setup Parameters

The following parameters MUST be defined. Each variable is
configured with the following considerations.

Frame Size - Recommended frame sizes are 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024,
1280 and 1518 bytes, per RFC2544 section 9 [3]. The four CRC
bytes are included in the frame size specified.

Duplex mode - Half duplex or full duplex.

Trial Duration - The recommended Trial Duration is 30 seconds.
Trial duration SHOULD be adjustable between 1 and 300 seconds.

Step Size - The minimum incremental resolution that the Iload will
be incremented in frames per second. The smaller the step size,
the more accurate the measurement and the more iterations
required. As the Iload approaches the MOL, the minimum step size
will increase because of gap resolution on the testing device.

5.6.3 Procedure

5.6.3.1 Maximum forwarding rate

If the Throughput [1] and the MOL [2] are the same, then MFR [2] is
equal to the MOL [2].

This test MUST at a minimum be performed in a two-port configuration
as described below. Learning frames MUST be sent to allow the
DUT/SUT to update its address tables properly.

Test frames are transmitted to the first port (port 1) of the DUT/SUT
at the Iload. The FR [2] on the second port (port 2) of the DUT/SUT
is measured. The Iload is incremented for each Step Size to find the
MFR. The algorithm for the test is as follows:

CONSTANT
MOL = ... frames/sec; {Maximum Offered Load}
VARIABLE
MFR := 0 frames/sec; {Maximum Forwarding Rate}
ILOAD := starting throughput in frames/sec; {offered load}
STEP := ... frames/sec; {Step Size}
BEGIN
ILOAD := ILOAD - STEP;
DO
BEGIN
ILOAD := ILOAD + STEP
IF (ILOAD > MOL) THEN
BEGIN
ILOAD := MOL
END
AddressLearning; {Port 2 broadcasts with its source address}
Transmit(ILOAD); {Port 1 sends frames to Port 2 at Offered load}
IF (Port 2 Forwarding Rate > MFR) THEN
BEGIN
MFR := Port 2 Forwarding Rate; {A higher value than before}
END

END
WHILE (ILOAD < MOL); {ILOAD has reached the MOL value}
DONE

5.6.3.2 Minimum Interframe Gap

The Minimum Interframe gap test SHOULD, at a minimum, be performed in
a two-port configuration as described below. Learning frames MUST be
sent to allow the DUT/SUT to update its address tables properly.

Test frames SHOULD be transmitted to the first port (port 1) of the
DUT/SUT with an interframe gap of 88 bits. This will apply forward
pressure to the DUT/SUT and overload it at a rate of one byte per
frame. The test frames MUST be constructed with a source address of
port 1 and a destination address of port 2.

The FR on the second port (port 2) of the DUT/SUT is measured. The
measured Forwarding Rate should not exceed the medium's maximum
theoretical utilization (MOL).

5.6.4 Measurements

Port 2 MUST categorize, then count the frames into one of two groups:

1.) Received Frames: received frames MUST have the correct
destination MAC address and SHOULD match a signature field.

2.) Flood count [2].

Any frame originating from the DUT/SUT MUST not be counted as a
received frame. Frames originating from the DUT/SUT MAY be counted
as flooded frames or not counted at all.

5.6.5 Reporting format

MFR MUST be reported as the highest forwarding rate of a DUT/SUT
taken from an iterative set of forwarding rate measurements. The
Iload applied to the device MUST also be cited.

Forwarding rate (FR) of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as the number
of frames per second that the device is observed to successfully
transmit to the correct destination interface in response to a
specified Oload. The Iload MUST be cited and the Oload MAY be
recorded.

If the FR exceeds the MOL during the Minimum Interframe gap test,
this MUST be highlighted with the expression "Forward Pressure
detected".

5.7 Address Caching Capacity

5.7.1 Objective

To determine the address caching capacity of a LAN switching device
as defined in RFC2285, section 3.8.1 [2].

5.7.2 Setup Parameters

The following parameters MUST be defined. Each variable is
configured with the following considerations.

Age Time - The maximum time that a DUT/SUT will keep a learned
address in its forwarding table.

Addresses Learning Rate - The rate at which new addresses are
offered to the DUT/SUT to be learned. The rate at which address
learning frames are offered may have to be adjusted to be as low
as 50 frames per second or even less, to guarantee successful
learning.

Initial Addresses - The initial number of addresses to start the
test with. The number MUST be between 1 and the maximum number
supported by the implementation.

5.7.3 Procedure

The aging time of the DUT/SUT MUST be known. The aging time MUST be
longer than the time necessary to produce frames at the specified
rate. If a low frame rate is used for the test, then it may be
possible that sending a large amount of frames may actually take
longer than the aging time.

This test MUST at a minimum be performed in a three-port
configuration described below. The test MAY be expanded to fully
utilized the DUT/SUT in increments of two or three ports. An
increment of two would include an additional Learning port and Test
port. An increment of three would include an additional Learning
port, Test port, and Monitoring port.

The Learning port (Lport) transmits learning frames to the DUT/SUT
with varying source addresses and a fixed destination address
corresponding to the address of the device connected to the Test port
(Tport) of the DUT/SUT. By receiving frames with varying source
addresses, the DUT/SUT should learn these new addresses. The source
addresses MAY be in sequential order.

The Test port (Tport) of the DUT/SUT acts as the receiving port for
the learning frames. Test frames will be transmitted back to the
addresses learned on the Learning port. The algorithm for this is
explained below.

The Monitoring port (Mport) on the DUT/SUT acts as a monitoring port
to listen for flooded or mis-forwarded frames. If the test spans
multiple broadcast domains (VLANs), each broadcast domain REQUIRES a
Monitoring port.

It is highly recommended that SNMP, Spanning Tree, and any other
frames originating from the DUT/SUT be disabled when running this
test. If such protocols cannot be turned off, the flood count MUST
be modified only to count test frame originating from Lport and MUST
NOT count frames originating from the DUT/SUT.

The algorithm for the test is as follows:

CONSTANT
AGE = ...; {value greater that DUT aging time}
MAX = ...; {maximum address support by implementation}
VARIABLE
LOW := 0; {Highest passed valve}
HIGH := MAX; {Lowest failed value}
N := ...; {user specified initial starting point}
BEGIN
DO
BEGIN
PAUSE(AGE); {Age out any learned addresses}
AddressLearning(TPort); {broadcast a frame with its source
Address and broadcast destination}
AddressLearning(LPort); {N frames with varying source addresses
to Test Port}
Transmit(TPort); {N frames with varying destination addresses
corresponding to Learning Port}
IF (MPort receive frame != 0) OR
(LPort receive frames < TPort transmit) THEN
BEGIN {Address Table of DUT/SUT was full}
HIGH := N;
END
ELSE
BEGIN {Address Table of DUT/SUT was NOT full}
LOW := N;
END
N := LOW + (HIGH - LOW)/2;
END WHILE (HIGH - LOW >= 2);
END {Value of N equals number of addresses supported by DUT/SUT}

Using a binary search approach, the test targets the exact number of
addresses supported per port with consistent test iterations. Due to
the aging time of DUT/SUT address tables, each iteration may take
some time during the waiting period for the addresses to clear. If
possible, configure the DUT/SUT for a low value for the aging time.

Once the high and low values of N meet, then the threshold of address
handling has been found.

5.7.4 Measurements

Whether the offered addresses per port was successful forwarded
without flooding.

5.7.5 Reporting format

After the test is run, results for each iteration SHOULD be displayed
in a table to include:

The number of addresses used for each test iteration (varied).

The intended load used for each test iteration (fixed).

Number of test frames that were offered to Tport of the DUT/SUT.
This SHOULD match the number of addresses used for the test
iteration. Test frames are the frames sent with varying
destination addresses to confirm that the DUT/SUT has learned all
of the addresses for each test iteration.

The flood count on Tport during the test portion of each test. If
the number is non-zero, this is an indication of the DUT/SUT
flooding a frame in which the destination address is not in the
address table.

The number of frames correctly forwarded to test Lport during the
test portion of the test. Received frames MUST have the correct
destination MAC address and SHOULD match a signature field. For a
passing test iteration, this number should be equal to the number
of frames transmitted by Tport.

The flood count on Lport during the test portion of each test. If
the number is non-zero, this is an indication of the DUT/SUT
flooding a frame in which the destination address is not in the
address table.

The flood count on Mport. If the value is not zero, then this
indicates that for that test iteration, the DUT/SUT could not
determine the proper destination port for that many frames. In
other words, the DUT/SUT flooded the frame to all ports since its
address table was full.

5.8 Address Learning Rate

5.8.1 Objective

To determine the rate of address learning of a LAN switching device.

5.8.2 Setup Parameters

The following parameters MUST be defined. Each variable is
configured with the following considerations.

Age Time - The maximum time that a DUT/SUT will keep a learned
address in its forwarding table.

Initial Addresses Learning Rate - The starting rate at which new
addresses are offered to the DUT/SUT to be learned.

Number of Addresses - The number of addresses that the DUT/SUT
must learn. The number MUST be between 1 and the maximum number
supported by the implementation. It is recommended no to exceed
the address caching capacity found in section 5.9

5.8.3 Procedure

The aging time of the DUT/SUT MUST be known. The aging time MUST be
longer than the time necessary to produce frames at the specified
rate. If a low frame rate is used for the test, then it may be
possible that sending a large amount of frames may actually take
longer than the aging time.

This test MUST at a minimum be performed in a three-port
configuration in section 5.9.3. The test MAY be expanded to fully
utilized the DUT/SUT in increments of two or three ports. An
increment of two would include an additional Learning port and Test
port. An increment of three would include an additional Learning
port, Test port, and Monitoring port.

An algorithm similar to the one used to determine address caching
capacity can be used to determine the address learning rate. This
test iterates the rate at which address learning frames are offered

by the test device connected to the DUT/SUT. It is recommended to
set the number of addresses offered to the DUT/SUT in this test to
the maximum caching capacity.

The address learning rate might be determined for different numbers
of addresses but in each test run, the number MUST remain constant
and SHOULD be equal to or less than the maximum address caching
capacity.

5.8.4 Measurements

Whether the offered addresses per port were successful forwarded
without flooding at the offered learning rate.

5.8.5 Reporting format

After the test is run, results for each iteration SHOULD be displayed
in a table:

The number of addresses used for each test iteration (fixed).

The intended load used for each test iteration (varied).

Number of test frames that were transmitted by Tport. This SHOULD
match the number of addresses used for the test iteration. Test
frames are the frames sent with varying destination addresses to
confirm that the DUT/SUT has learned all of the addresses for each
test iteration.

The flood count on Tport during the test portion of each test. If
the number is non-zero, this is an indication of the DUT/SUT
flooding a frame in which the destination address is not in the
address table.

The number of frames correctly forwarded to test Lport during the
test portion of the test. Received frames MUST have the correct
destination MAC address and SHOULD match a signature field. For a
passing test iteration, this number should be equal to the number
of frames transmitted by Tport.

The flood count on Lport during the test portion of each test. If
the number is non-zero, this is an indication of the DUT/SUT
flooding a frame in which the destination address is not in the
address table.

The flood count on Mport. If the value is not zero, then this
indicates that for that test iteration, the DUT/SUT could not
determine the proper destination port for that many frames. In
other words, the DUT/SUT flooded the frame to all ports since its
address table was full.

5.9 Errored frames filtering

5.9.1 Objective

The objective of the Errored frames filtering test is to determine
the behavior of the DUT under error or abnormal frame conditions.
The results of the test indicate if the DUT/SUT filters the errors,
or simply propagates the errored frames along to the destination.

5.9.2 Setup Parameters

The following parameters MUST be defined. Each variable is
configured with the following considerations.

ILoad - Intended Load per port is expressed in a percentage of the
medium's maximum theoretical load possible. The actual
transmitted frame per second is dependent upon half duplex or full
duplex operation. The test SHOULD be run multiple times with a
different load per port in each case.

Trial Duration - The recommended Trial Duration is 30 seconds.
Trial duration SHOULD be adjustable between 1 and 300 seconds.

5.9.3 Procedure

Each of the illegal frames for Ethernet MUST be checked:

Oversize - The DUT/SUT MAY filter frames larger than 1518 bytes from
being propagated through the DUT/SUT section 4.2.4.2.1 [4].
Oversized frames transmitted to the DUT/SUT should not be forwarded.
DUT/SUT supporting tagged Frames MAY forward frames up to and
including 1522 bytes long (section 4.2.4.2.1 [5]).

Undersize - The DUT/SUT MUST filter frames less than 64 bytes from
being propagated through the DUT/SUT (section 4.2.4.2.2 [4]).
Undersized frames (or collision fragments) received by the DUT/SUT
must not be forwarded.

CRC Errors - The DUT/SUT MUST filter frames that fail the Frame Check
Sequence Validation (section 4.2.4.1.2 [4]) from being propagated
through the DUT/SUT. Frames with an invalid CRC transmitted to the
DUT/SUT should not be forwarded.

Dribble Bit Errors - The DUT/SUT MUST correct and forward frames
containing dribbling bits. Frames transmitted to the DUT/SUT that do
not end in an octet boundary but contain a valid frame check sequence
MUST be accepted by the DUT/SUT (section 4.2.4.2.1 [4]) and forwarded
to the correct receive port with the frame ending in an octet
boundary (section 3.4 [4]).

Alignment Errors - The DUT/SUT MUST filter frames that fail the Frame
Check Sequence Validation AND do not end in an octet boundary. This
is a combination of a CRC error and a Dribble Bit error. When both
errors are occurring in the same frame, the DUT/SUT MUST determine
the CRC error takes precedence and filters the frame (section
4.2.4.1.2 [4]) from being propagated.

5.9.5 Reporting format

For each of the error conditions in section 5.6.3, a "pass" or "fail"
MUST be reported. Actual frame counts MAY be reported for diagnostic
purposes.

5.10 Broadcast frame Forwarding and Latency

5.10.1 Objective

The objective of the Broadcast Frame Forwarding and Latency Test is
to determine the throughput and latency of the DUT when forwarding
broadcast traffic. The ability to forward broadcast frames will
depend upon a specific function built into the device for that
purpose. It is therefore necessary to determine the ability of
DUT/SUT to handle broadcast frames, since there may be many different
ways of implementing such a function.

5.10.2 Setup Parameters

The following parameters MUST be defined. Each variable is
configured with the following considerations.

Frame Size - Recommended frame sizes are 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024,
1280 and 1518 bytes, per RFC2544 section 9 [3]. The four CRC
bytes are included in the frame size specified.

Duplex mode - Half duplex or full duplex.

ILoad - Intended Load per port is expressed in a percentage of the
medium's maximum theoretical load, regardless of traffic
orientation or duplex mode. Certain test configurations will
theoretically over-subscribe the DUT/SUT.

ILoad will not over-subscribe the DUT/SUT in this test.

Trial Duration - The recommended Trial Duration is 30 seconds.
Trial duration SHOULD be adjustable between 1 and 300 seconds.

5.10.3 Procedure

For this test, there are two parts to be run.

Broadcast Frame Throughput - This portion of the test uses a single
source test port to transmit test frames with a broadcast address
using the frame specified in RFC2544 [3]. Selected receive ports
then measure the forwarding rate and Frame loss rate.

Broadcast Frame Latency - This test uses the same setup as the
Broadcast Frame throughput, but instead of a large stream of test
frames being sent, only one test frame is sent and the latency to
each of the receive ports are measured in seconds.

5.10.4 Measurements

Frame loss rate of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as defined in
section 26.3 [3] with the following notes: Frame loss rate SHOULD be
measured at the end of the trial duration. The term "rate", for this
measurement only, does not imply the units in the fashion of "per
second."

Forwarding rate (FR) of the DUT/SUT SHOULD be reported as the number
of test frames per second that the device is observed to successfully
forward to the correct destination interface in response to a
specified Oload. The Oload MUST also be cited.

5.10.5 Reporting format

The results for these tests SHOULD be reported in the form of a
graph. The x coordinate SHOULD be the frame size, the y coordinate
SHOULD be the test results. There SHOULD be at least two lines on
the graph, one plotting the theoretical and one plotting the test
results.

To measure the DUT/SUT's ability to switch traffic while performing
many different address lookups, the number of addresses per port MAY
be increased in a series of tests.

6. Security Considerations

As this document is solely for the purpose of providing metric
methodology and describes neither a protocol nor a protocol's
implementation, there are no security considerations associated with
this document.

7. References

[1] Bradner, S., Editor, "Benchmarking Terminology for Network
Interconnection Devices", RFC1242, July 1991.

[2] Mandeville, R., "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching
Devices", RFC2285, February 1998.

[3] Bradner, S. and J. McQuaid, "Benchmarking Methodology for
Network Interconnect Devices", RFC2544, March 1999.

[4] ANSI/IEEE, "CSMA/CD Access Method and Physical Layer
Specifications," ISO/IEC 8802-3, ISBN 0-7381-0330-6, 1998.

[5] IEEE Draft, "Frame Extensions for Virtual Bridged Local Area
Networks (VLAN) Tagging on 802.3 Networks", 802.3ac/D3.1, July
1998.

8. Authors' Addresses

Robert Mandeville
CQOS Inc.
21 Technology
Irvine, CA 92618
USA

Phone: +1 (949) 400-4444
EMail: bob@cqos.com

Jerry Perser
Spirent Communications
26750 Agoura Road
Calabasas, CA 91302
USA

Phone: + 1 818 676 2300
EMail: jerry_perser@netcomsystems.com

Appendix A: Formulas

A.1 Calculating the InterBurst Gap

IBG is defined in RFC2285 [2] as the interval between two bursts.
To achieve a desired load, the following Input Parameter need to be
defined:

LENGTH - Frame size in bytes including the CRC.

LOAD - The intended load in percent. Range is 0 to 100.

BURST - The number of frames in the burst (integer value).

SPEED - media's speed in bits/sec
Ethernet is 10,000,000 bits/sec
Fast Ethernet is 100,000,000 bits/sec
Gigabit Ethernet is 1,000,000,000 bits/sec

IFG - A constant 96 bits for the minimum interframe gap.

The IBG (in seconds) can be calculated:

[(100/LOAD - 1) * BURST * (IFG + 64 + 8*LENGTH)] + IFG
IBG = -----------------------------------------------------------
SPEED

A.2 Calculating the Number of Bursts for the Trial Duration

The number of bursts for the trial duration is rounded up to the
nearest integer number. The follow Input Parameter need to be
defined:

LENGTH - Frame size in bytes including the CRC.

BURST - The number of frames in the burst (integer value).

SPEED - media's speed in bits/sec
Ethernet is 10,000,000 bits/sec
Fast Ethernet is 100,000,000 bits/sec
Gigabit Ethernet is 1,000,000,000 bits/sec

IFG - A constant 96 bits for the minimum interframe gap.

IBG - Found in the above formula

DURATION - Trial duration in seconds.

An intermediate number of the Burst duration needs to be calculated
first:

TXTIME = -----------------------------------------
SPEED

Number of Burst for the Trial Duration (rounded up):

DURATION
#OFBURSTS = --------------
(TXTIME + IBG)

Example:

LENGTH = 64 bytes per frame
LOAD = 100 % offered load
BURST = 24 frames per burst
SPEED = 10 Mbits/sec (Ethernet)
DURATION = 10 seconds test

IBG = 1612.8 uS
TXTIME = 1603.2 uS
#OFBURSTS = 3110

Appendix B: Generating Offered Load

In testing, the traffic generator is configured with the Iload
(Intended Load) and measures the Oload (Offered Load). If the
DUT/SUT applies congestion control, then the Iload and the Oload are
not the same value. The question arises, how to generate the Oload?
This appendix will describe two different methods.

The unit of measurement for Oload is bits per second. The two
methods described here will hold one unit constant and let the
DUT/SUT vary the other unit. The traffic generator SHOULD specify
which method it uses.

B.1 Frame Based Load

Frame Based Load holds the number of bits constant. The Trial
Duration will vary based upon congestion control. Advantage is
implementation is a simple state machine (or loop). The disadvantage
is that Oload needs to be measured independently.

All ports on the traffic generator MUST transmit the exact number of
test frames. The exact number of test frames is found by multiplying
the Iload of the port by the Trial Duration. All ports MAY NOT
transmit the same number of frames if their Iload is not the same.
An example would be the Partially meshed many-to-one test.

All ports SHOULD start transmitting their frames within 1% of the
trial duration. For a trial duration of 30 seconds, all ports SHOULD
have started transmitting frames within 300 milliseconds of each
other.

The reported Oload SHOULD be the average during the Trial Duration.
If the traffic generator continues to transmit after the Trial
Duration due to congestion control, Oload MAY be averaged over the
entire transmit time. Oload for the DUT/SUT MUST be the aggregate of
all the Oloads per port. Oload per port MAY be reported.

B.2 Time Based Load

Time based load holds the Trial Duration constant, while allowing the
number of octets transmitted to vary. Advantages are an accurate
Trial Duration and integrated Oload measurement. Disadvantage is
that the starting and stopping of the traffic generator MUST be more
accurate.

All ports on the traffic generator are configured to transmit the
Iload for a finite amount of time. Each port MUST count the number
of octets successfully transmitted.

The start and stop is initiated at a layer defined by the test
parameters. The layer can be the MAC layer, IP layer, or some other
point in the protocol stack. The traffic generator MUST complete its
layer specific transmit process when the stop time is reached (i.e.
no fragments, finish the frame).

All ports MUST start transmitting their frames within 1% of the trial
duration. For a trial duration of 30 seconds, all ports SHOULD have
started transmitting frames within 300 milliseconds of each other.

All ports SHOULD stop transmitting frames after the specified trail
duration within 0.01% of the trial duration. Each port's stop time
MUST be reference to its start time. This trial duration error
controls the accuracy of the Oload measurement and SHOULD be reported
with the Oload measurement.

Each port is allowed an offset error of 0.1% and a trial duration
error of 0.01%.

Oload is found by taking the number of octets successfully
transmitted and dividing by the trial duration. Oload for the
DUT/SUT MUST be the aggregate of all the Oloads per port. Oload per
port MAY be reported for diagnostic purposes.

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