Network Working Group R. Fielding
Request for Comments: 1808 UC Irvine
Category: Standards Track June 1995

Relative Uniform Resource Locators

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a compact representation of the
location and Access method for a resource available via the Internet.
When embedded within a base document, a URL in its absolute form may
contain a great deal of information which is already known from the
context of that base document's retrieval, including the scheme,
network location, and parts of the url-path. In situations where the
base URL is well-defined and known to the parser (human or machine),
it is useful to be able to embed URL references which inherit that
context rather than re-specifying it in every instance. This
document defines the syntax and semantics for such Relative Uniform
Resource Locators.

1. Introduction

This document describes the syntax and semantics for "relative"
Uniform Resource Locators (relative URLs): a compact representation
of the location of a resource relative to an absolute base URL. It
is a companion to RFC1738, "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)" [2],
which specifies the syntax and semantics of absolute URLs.

A common use for Uniform Resource Locators is to embed them within a
document (referred to as the "base" document) for the purpose of
identifying other Internet-accessible resources. For example, in
hypertext documents, URLs can be used as the identifiers for
hypertext link destinations.

Absolute URLs contain a great deal of information which may already
be known from the context of the base document's retrieval, including
the scheme, network location, and parts of the URL path. In
situations where the base URL is well-defined and known, it is useful
to be able to embed a URL reference which inherits that context

rather than re-specifying it within each instance. Relative URLs can
also be used within data-entry dialogs to decrease the number of
characters necessary to describe a location.

In addition, it is often the case that a group or "tree" of documents
has been constructed to serve a common purpose; the vast majority of
URLs in these documents point to locations within the tree rather
than outside of it. Similarly, documents located at a particular
Internet site are much more likely to refer to other resources at
that site than to resources at remote sites.

Relative addressing of URLs allows document trees to be partially
independent of their location and access scheme. For instance, it is
possible for a single set of hypertext documents to be simultaneously
accessible and traversable via each of the "file", "http", and "FTP"
schemes if the documents refer to each other using relative URLs.
Furthermore, document trees can be moved, as a whole, without
changing any of the embedded URLs. EXPerience within the World-Wide
Web has demonstrated that the ability to perform relative referencing
is necessary for the long-term usability of embedded URLs.

2. Relative URL Syntax

The syntax for relative URLs is a shortened form of that for absolute
URLs [2], where some prefix of the URL is missing and certain path
components ("." and "..") have a special meaning when interpreting a
relative path. Because a relative URL may appear in any context that
could hold an absolute URL, systems that support relative URLs must
be able to recognize them as part of the URL parsing process.

Although this document does not seek to define the overall URL
syntax, some discussion of it is necessary in order to describe the
parsing of relative URLs. In particular, base documents can only
make use of relative URLs when their base URL fits within the
generic-RL syntax described below. Although some URL schemes do not
require this generic-RL syntax, it is assumed that any document which
contains a relative reference does have a base URL that obeys the
syntax. In other Words, relative URLs cannot be used within
documents that have unsuitable base URLs.

2.1. URL Syntactic Components

The URL syntax is dependent upon the scheme. Some schemes use
reserved characters like "?" and ";" to indicate special components,
while others just consider them to be part of the path. However,
there is enough uniformity in the use of URLs to allow a parser to
resolve relative URLs based upon a single, generic-RL syntax. This
generic-RL syntax consists of six components:

<scheme>://<net_loc>/<path>;<params>?<query>#<fragment>

each of which, except <scheme>, may be absent from a particular URL.
These components are defined as follows (a complete BNF is provided
in Section 2.2):

scheme ":" ::= scheme name, as per Section 2.1 of RFC1738 [2].

"//" net_loc ::= network location and login information, as per
Section 3.1 of RFC1738 [2].

"/" path ::= URL path, as per Section 3.1 of RFC1738 [2].

";" params ::= object parameters (e.g., ";type=a" as in
Section 3.2.2 of RFC1738 [2]).

"?" query ::= query information, as per Section 3.3 of
RFC1738 [2].

"#" fragment ::= fragment identifier.

Note that the fragment identifier (and the "#" that precedes it) is
not considered part of the URL. However, since it is commonly used
within the same string context as a URL, a parser must be able to
recognize the fragment when it is present and set it aside as part of
the parsing process.

The order of the components is important. If both <params> and
<query> are present, the <query> information must occur after the
<params>.

2.2. BNF for Relative URLs

This is a BNF-like description of the Relative Uniform Resource
Locator syntax, using the conventions of RFC822 [5], except that ""
is used to designate alternatives. Briefly, literals are quoted with
"", parentheses "(" and ")" are used to group elements, optional
elements are enclosed in [brackets], and elements may be preceded
with <n>* to designate n or more repetitions of the following
element; n defaults to 0.

This BNF also describes the generic-RL syntax for valid base URLs.
Note that this differs from the URL syntax defined in RFC1738 [2] in
that all schemes are required to use a single set of reserved
characters and use them consistently within the major URL components.

URL = ( absoluteURL relativeURL ) [ "#" fragment ]

absoluteURL = generic-RL ( scheme ":" *( uchar reserved ) )

generic-RL = scheme ":" relativeURL

relativeURL = net_path abs_path rel_path

net_path = "//" net_loc [ abs_path ]
abs_path = "/" rel_path
rel_path = [ path ] [ ";" params ] [ "?" query ]

path = fsegment *( "/" segment )
fsegment = 1*pchar
segment = *pchar

params = param *( ";" param )
param = *( pchar "/" )

scheme = 1*( alpha digit "+" "-" "." )
net_loc = *( pchar ";" "?" )
query = *( uchar reserved )
fragment = *( uchar reserved )

pchar = uchar ":" "@" "&" "="
uchar = unreserved escape
unreserved = alpha digit safe extra

escape = "%" hex hex
hex = digit "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F"
"a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f"

alpha = lowalpha hialpha
lowalpha = "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i"
"j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r"
"s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"
hialpha = "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I"
"J" "K" "L" "M" "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R"
"S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"

digit = "0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7"
"8" "9"

safe = "$" "-" "_" "." "+"
extra = "!" "*" "'" "(" ")" ","
national = "{" "}" "" "" "^" "~" "[" "]" "`"
reserved = ";" "/" "?" ":" "@" "&" "="
punctuation = "<" ">" "#" "%" <">

2.3. Specific Schemes and their Syntactic Categories

Each URL scheme has its own rules regarding the presence or absence
of the syntactic components described in Sections 2.1 and 2.2. In
addition, some schemes are never appropriate for use with relative
URLs. However, since relative URLs will only be used within contexts
in which they are useful, these scheme-specific differences can be
ignored by the resolution process.

Within this section, we include as examples only those schemes that
have a defined URL syntax in RFC1738 [2]. The following schemes are
never used with relative URLs:

mailto Electronic Mail
news USENET news
telnet TELNET Protocol for Interactive Sessions

Some URL schemes allow the use of reserved characters for purposes
outside the generic-RL syntax given above. However, such use is
rare. Relative URLs can be used with these schemes whenever the
applicable base URL follows the generic-RL syntax.

gopher Gopher and Gopher+ Protocols
prospero Prospero Directory Service
wais Wide Area Information Servers Protocol

Users of gopher URLs should note that gopher-type information is
almost always included at the beginning of what would be the
generic-RL path. If present, this type information prevents
relative-path references to documents with differing gopher-types.

Finally, the following schemes can always be parsed using the
generic-RL syntax. This does not necessarily imply that relative
URLs will be useful with these schemes -- that decision is left to
the system implementation and the author of the base document.

file Host-specific Files
ftp File Transfer Protocol
http Hypertext Transfer Protocol
nntp USENET news using NNTP access

NOTE: Section 5 of RFC1738 specifies that the question-mark
character ("?") is allowed in an ftp or file path segment.
However, this is not true in practice and is believed to be an
error in the RFC. Similarly, RFC1738 allows the reserved
character semicolon (";") within an http path segment, but does
not define its semantics; the correct semantics are as defined
by this document for <params>.

We recommend that new schemes be designed to be parsable via the
generic-RL syntax if they are intended to be used with relative URLs.
A description of the allowed relative forms should be included when a
new scheme is registered, as per Section 4 of RFC1738 [2].

2.4. Parsing a URL

An accepted method for parsing URLs is useful to clarify the
generic-RL syntax of Section 2.2 and to describe the algorithm for
resolving relative URLs presented in Section 4. This section
describes the parsing rules for breaking down a URL (relative or
absolute) into the component parts described in Section 2.1. The
rules assume that the URL has already been separated from any
surrounding text and copied to a "parse string". The rules are
listed in the order in which they would be applied by the parser.

2.4.1. Parsing the Fragment Identifier

If the parse string contains a crosshatch "#" character, then the
substring after the first (left-most) crosshatch "#" and up to the
end of the parse string is the <fragment> identifier. If the
crosshatch is the last character, or no crosshatch is present, then
the fragment identifier is empty. The matched substring, including
the crosshatch character, is removed from the parse string before
continuing.

Note that the fragment identifier is not considered part of the URL.
However, since it is often attached to the URL, parsers must be able
to recognize and set aside fragment identifiers as part of the
process.

2.4.2. Parsing the Scheme

If the parse string contains a colon ":" after the first character
and before any characters not allowed as part of a scheme name (i.e.,
any not an alphanumeric, plus "+", period ".", or hyphen "-"), the
<scheme> of the URL is the substring of characters up to but not
including the first colon. These characters and the colon are then
removed from the parse string before continuing.

2.4.3. Parsing the Network Location/Login

If the parse string begins with a double-slash "//", then the
substring of characters after the double-slash and up to, but not
including, the next slash "/" character is the network location/login
(<net_loc>) of the URL. If no trailing slash "/" is present, the
entire remaining parse string is assigned to <net_loc>. The double-
slash and <net_loc> are removed from the parse string before

continuing.

2.4.4. Parsing the Query Information

If the parse string contains a question mark "?" character, then the
substring after the first (left-most) question mark "?" and up to the
end of the parse string is the <query> information. If the question
mark is the last character, or no question mark is present, then the
query information is empty. The matched substring, including the
question mark character, is removed from the parse string before
continuing.

2.4.5. Parsing the Parameters

If the parse string contains a semicolon ";" character, then the
substring after the first (left-most) semicolon ";" and up to the end
of the parse string is the parameters (<params>). If the semicolon
is the last character, or no semicolon is present, then <params> is
empty. The matched substring, including the semicolon character, is
removed from the parse string before continuing.

2.4.6. Parsing the Path

After the above steps, all that is left of the parse string is the
URL <path> and the slash "/" that may precede it. Even though the
initial slash is not part of the URL path, the parser must remember
whether or not it was present so that later processes can
differentiate between relative and absolute paths. Often this is
done by simply storing the preceding slash along with the path.

3. Establishing a Base URL

The term "relative URL" implies that there exists some absolute "base
URL" against which the relative reference is applied. Indeed, the
base URL is necessary to define the semantics of any embedded
relative URLs; without it, a relative reference is meaningless. In
order for relative URLs to be usable within a document, the base URL
of that document must be known to the parser.

The base URL of a document can be established in one of four ways,
listed below in order of precedence. The order of precedence can be
thought of in terms of layers, where the innermost defined base URL
has the highest precedence. This can be visualized graphically as:

.----------------------------------------------------------.
.----------------------------------------------------.
.----------------------------------------------.
.----------------------------------------.
(3.1) Base URL embedded in the
document's content
`----------------------------------------'
(3.2) Base URL of the encapsulating entity
(message, document, or none).
`----------------------------------------------'
(3.3) URL used to retrieve the entity
`----------------------------------------------------'
(3.4) Base URL = "" (undefined)
`----------------------------------------------------------'

3.1. Base URL within Document Content

Within certain document media types, the base URL of the document can
be embedded within the content itself such that it can be readily
oBTained by a parser. This can be useful for descriptive documents,
such as tables of content, which may be transmitted to others through
protocols other than their usual retrieval context (e.g., E-Mail or
USENET news).

It is beyond the scope of this document to specify how, for each
media type, the base URL can be embedded. It is assumed that user
agents manipulating such media types will be able to obtain the
appropriate syntax from that media type's specification. An example
of how the base URL can be embedded in the Hypertext Markup Language
(Html) [3] is provided in an Appendix (Section 10).

Messages are considered to be composite documents. The base URL of a
message can be specified within the message headers (or equivalent
tagged metainformation) of the message. For protocols that make use
of message headers like those described in RFC822 [5], we recommend
that the format of this header be:

base-header = "Base" ":" "<URL:" absoluteURL ">"

where "Base" is case-insensitive and any whitespace (including that
used for line folding) inside the angle brackets is ignored. For
example, the header field

Base: <URL:http://www.ics.uci.edu/Test/a/b/c>

would indicate that the base URL for that message is the string
"http://www.ics.uci.edu/Test/a/b/c". The base URL for a message
serves as both the base for any relative URLs within the message
headers and the default base URL for documents enclosed within the
message, as described in the next section.

Protocols which do not use the RFC822 message header syntax, but
which do allow some form of tagged metainformation to be included
within messages, may define their own syntax for defining the base
URL as part of a message.

3.2. Base URL from the Encapsulating Entity

If no base URL is embedded, the base URL of a document is defined by
the document's retrieval context. For a document that is enclosed
within another entity (such as a message or another document), the
retrieval context is that entity; thus, the default base URL of the
document is the base URL of the entity in which the document is
encapsulated.

Composite media types, such as the "multipart/*" and "message/*"
media types defined by MIME (RFC1521, [4]), define a hierarchy of
retrieval context for their enclosed documents. In other words, the
retrieval context of a component part is the base URL of the
composite entity of which it is a part. Thus, a composite entity can
redefine the retrieval context of its component parts via the
inclusion of a base-header, and this redefinition applies recursively
for a hierarchy of composite parts. Note that this might not change
the base URL of the components, since each component may include an
embedded base URL or base-header that takes precedence over the
retrieval context.

3.3. Base URL from the Retrieval URL

If no base URL is embedded and the document is not encapsulated
within some other entity (e.g., the top level of a composite entity),
then, if a URL was used to retrieve the base document, that URL shall
be considered the base URL. Note that if the retrieval was the
result of a redirected request, the last URL used (i.e., that which
resulted in the actual retrieval of the document) is the base URL.

3.4. Default Base URL

If none of the conditions described in Sections 3.1 -- 3.3 apply,
then the base URL is considered to be the empty string and all
embedded URLs within that document are assumed to be absolute URLs.

It is the responsibility of the distributor(s) of a document
containing relative URLs to ensure that the base URL for that
document can be established. It must be emphasized that relative
URLs cannot be used reliably in situations where the document's base
URL is not well-defined.

4. Resolving Relative URLs

This section describes an example algorithm for resolving URLs within
a context in which the URLs may be relative, such that the result is
always a URL in absolute form. Although this algorithm cannot
guarantee that the resulting URL will equal that intended by the
original author, it does guarantee that any valid URL (relative or
absolute) can be consistently transformed to an absolute form given a
valid base URL.

The following steps are performed in order:

Step 1: The base URL is established according to the rules of
Section 3. If the base URL is the empty string (unknown),
the embedded URL is interpreted as an absolute URL and
we are done.

Step 2: Both the base and embedded URLs are parsed into their
component parts as described in Section 2.4.

a) If the embedded URL is entirely empty, it inherits the
entire base URL (i.e., is set equal to the base URL)
and we are done.

b) If the embedded URL starts with a scheme name, it is
interpreted as an absolute URL and we are done.

c) Otherwise, the embedded URL inherits the scheme of
the base URL.

Step 3: If the embedded URL's <net_loc> is non-empty, we skip to
Step 7. Otherwise, the embedded URL inherits the <net_loc>
(if any) of the base URL.

Step 4: If the embedded URL path is preceded by a slash "/", the
path is not relative and we skip to Step 7.

Step 5: If the embedded URL path is empty (and not preceded by a
slash), then the embedded URL inherits the base URL path,
and

a) if the embedded URL's <params> is non-empty, we skip to
step 7; otherwise, it inherits the <params> of the base
URL (if any) and

b) if the embedded URL's <query> is non-empty, we skip to
step 7; otherwise, it inherits the <query> of the base
URL (if any) and we skip to step 7.

Step 6: The last segment of the base URL's path (anything
following the rightmost slash "/", or the entire path if no
slash is present) is removed and the embedded URL's path is
appended in its place. The following operations are
then applied, in order, to the new path:

a) All occurrences of "./", where "." is a complete path
segment, are removed.

b) If the path ends with "." as a complete path segment,
that "." is removed.

c) All occurrences of "<segment>/../", where <segment> is a
complete path segment not equal to "..", are removed.
Removal of these path segments is performed iteratively,
removing the leftmost matching pattern on each iteration,
until no matching pattern remains.

d) If the path ends with "<segment>/..", where <segment> is a
complete path segment not equal to "..", that
"<segment>/.." is removed.

Step 7: The resulting URL components, including any inherited from
the base URL, are recombined to give the absolute form of
the embedded URL.

Parameters, regardless of their purpose, do not form a part of the
URL path and thus do not affect the resolving of relative paths. In
particular, the presence or absence of the ";type=d" parameter on an
ftp URL does not affect the interpretation of paths relative to that
URL. Fragment identifiers are only inherited from the base URL when
the entire embedded URL is empty.

The above algorithm is intended to provide an example by which the
output of implementations can be tested -- implementation of the
algorithm itself is not required. For example, some systems may find
it more efficient to implement Step 6 as a pair of segment stacks
being merged, rather than as a series of string pattern matches.

5. Examples and Recommended Practice

Within an object with a well-defined base URL of

Base: <URL:http://a/b/c/d;p?q#f>

the relative URLs would be resolved as follows:

5.1. Normal Examples

g:h = <URL:g:h>
g = <URL:http://a/b/c/g>
./g = <URL:http://a/b/c/g>
g/ = <URL:http://a/b/c/g/>
/g = <URL:http://a/g>
//g = <URL:http://g>
?y = <URL:http://a/b/c/d;p?y>
g?y = <URL:http://a/b/c/g?y>
g?y/./x = <URL:http://a/b/c/g?y/./x>
#s = <URL:http://a/b/c/d;p?q#s>
g#s = <URL:http://a/b/c/g#s>
g#s/./x = <URL:http://a/b/c/g#s/./x>
g?y#s = <URL:http://a/b/c/g?y#s>
;x = <URL:http://a/b/c/d;x>
g;x = <URL:http://a/b/c/g;x>
g;x?y#s = <URL:http://a/b/c/g;x?y#s>
. = <URL:http://a/b/c/>
./ = <URL:http://a/b/c/>
.. = <URL:http://a/b/>
../ = <URL:http://a/b/>
../g = <URL:http://a/b/g>
../.. = <URL:http://a/>
../../ = <URL:http://a/>
../../g = <URL:http://a/g>

5.2. Abnormal Examples

Although the following abnormal examples are unlikely to occur in
normal practice, all URL parsers should be capable of resolving them
consistently. Each example uses the same base as above.

An empty reference resolves to the complete base URL:

<> = <URL:http://a/b/c/d;p?q#f>

Parsers must be careful in handling the case where there are more
relative path ".." segments than there are hierarchical levels in the
base URL's path. Note that the ".." syntax cannot be used to change
the <net_loc> of a URL.

../../../g = <URL:http://a/../g>
../../../../g = <URL:http://a/../../g>

Similarly, parsers must avoid treating "." and ".." as special when
they are not complete components of a relative path.

/./g = <URL:http://a/./g>
/../g = <URL:http://a/../g>
g. = <URL:http://a/b/c/g.>
.g = <URL:http://a/b/c/.g>
g.. = <URL:http://a/b/c/g..>
..g = <URL:http://a/b/c/..g>

Less likely are cases where the relative URL uses unnecessary or
nonsensical forms of the "." and ".." complete path segments.

./../g = <URL:http://a/b/g>
./g/. = <URL:http://a/b/c/g/>
g/./h = <URL:http://a/b/c/g/h>
g/../h = <URL:http://a/b/c/h>

Finally, some older parsers allow the scheme name to be present in a
relative URL if it is the same as the base URL scheme. This is
considered to be a loophole in prior specifications of partial URLs
[1] and should be avoided by future parsers.

http:g = <URL:http:g>
http: = <URL:http:>

5.3. Recommended Practice

Authors should be aware that path names which contain a colon ":"
character cannot be used as the first component of a relative URL
path (e.g., "this:that") because they will likely be mistaken for a
scheme name. It is therefore necessary to precede such cases with
other components (e.g., "./this:that"), or to escape the colon
character (e.g., "this%3Athat"), in order for them to be correctly
parsed. The former solution is preferred because it does not affect
the absolute form of the URL.

There is an ambiguity in the semantics for the ftp URL scheme
regarding the use of a trailing slash ("/") character and/or a
parameter ";type=d" to indicate a resource that is an ftp directory.
If the result of retrieving that directory includes embedded relative
URLs, it is necessary that the base URL path for that result include
a trailing slash. For this reason, we recommend that the ";type=d"
parameter value not be used within contexts that allow relative URLs.

6. Security Considerations

There are no security considerations in the use or parsing of
relative URLs. However, once a relative URL has been resolved to its
absolute form, the same security considerations apply as those
described in RFC1738 [2].

7. Acknowledgements

This work is derived from concepts introduced by Tim Berners-Lee and
the World-Wide Web global information initiative. Relative URLs are
described as "Partial URLs" in RFC1630 [1]. That description was
expanded for inclusion as an appendix for an early draft of RFC1738,
"Uniform Resource Locators (URL)" [2]. However, after further
discussion, the URI-WG decided to specify Relative URLs separately
from the primary URL draft.

This document is intended to fulfill the recommendations for Internet
Resource Locators as stated in [6]. It has benefited greatly from
the comments of all those participating in the URI-WG. Particular
thanks go to Larry Masinter, Michael A. Dolan, Guido van Rossum, Dave
Kristol, David Robinson, and Brad Barber for identifying
problems/deficiencies in earlier drafts.

8. References

[1] Berners-Lee, T., "Universal Resource Identifiers in WWW: A
Unifying Syntax for the Expression of Names and Addresses of
Objects on the Network as used in the World-Wide Web", RFC1630,
CERN, June 1994.

[2] Berners-Lee, T., Masinter, L., and M. McCahill, Editors, "Uniform
Resource Locators (URL)", RFC1738, CERN, Xerox Corporation,
University of Minnesota, December 1994.

[3] Berners-Lee T., and D. Connolly, "HyperText Markup Language
Specification -- 2.0", Work in Progress, MIT, HaL Computer
Systems, February 1995.
<URL:http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/ietf/html/>

[4] Borenstein, N., and N. Freed, "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions): Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing the Format
of Internet Message Bodies", RFC1521, Bellcore, Innosoft,
September 1993.

[5] Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text
Messages", STD 11, RFC822, UDEL, August 1982.

[6] Kunze, J., "Functional Recommendations for Internet Resource
Locators", RFC1736, IS&T, UC Berkeley, February 1995.

9. Author's Address

Roy T. Fielding
Department of Information and Computer Science
University of California
Irvine, CA 92717-3425
U.S.A.

Tel: +1 (714) 824-4049
Fax: +1 (714) 824-4056
EMail: fielding@ics.uci.edu

10. Appendix - Embedding the Base URL in HTML documents

It is useful to consider an example of how the base URL of a document
can be embedded within the document's content. In this appendix, we
describe how documents written in the Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) [3] can include an embedded base URL. This appendix does not
form a part of the relative URL specification and should not be
considered as anything more than a descriptive example.

HTML defines a special element "BASE" which, when present in the
"HEAD" portion of a document, signals that the parser should use the
BASE element's "HREF" attribute as the base URL for resolving any
relative URLs. The "HREF" attribute must be an absolute URL. Note
that, in HTML, element and attribute names are case-insensitive. For
example:

<!doctype html public "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>An example HTML document</TITLE>
<BASE href="http://www.ics.uci.edu/Test/a/b/c">
</HEAD><BODY>
... <A href="../x">a hypertext anchor</A> ...
</BODY></HTML>

A parser reading the example document should interpret the given
relative URL "../x" as representing the absolute URL

<URL:http://www.ics.uci.edu/Test/a/x>

regardless of the context in which the example document was obtained.