Network Working Group T. Hastings, Editor
Request for Comments: 2911 R. Herriot
Obsoletes: 2566 Xerox Corporation
Category: Standards Track R. deBry
Utah Valley State College
S. Isaacson
Novell, Inc.
P. Powell
Astart Technologies
September 2000

Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Model and Semantics

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

This document is one of a set of documents, which together describe
all ASPects of a new Internet Printing Protocol (IPP). IPP is an
application level protocol that can be used for distributed printing
using Internet tools and technologies. This document describes a
simplified model consisting of abstract objects, their attributes,
and their operations that is independent of encoding and transport.
The model consists of a Printer and a Job object. A Job optionally
supports multiple documents. IPP 1.1 semantics allow end-users and
operators to query printer capabilities, submit print jobs, inquire
about the status of print jobs and printers, cancel, hold, release,
and restart print jobs. IPP 1.1 semantics allow operators to pause,
resume, and purge (jobs from) Printer objects. This document also
addresses security, internationalization, and Directory issues.

The full set of IPP documents includes:

Design Goals for an Internet Printing Protocol [RFC2567]
Rationale for the StrUCture and Model and Protocol for the Internet
Printing Protocol [RFC2568]
Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Model and Semantics (this document)
Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Encoding and Transport [RFC2910]
Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Implementer's Guide [IPP-IIG]
Mapping between LPD and IPP Protocols [RFC2569]

The "Design Goals for an Internet Printing Protocol" document takes a
broad look at distributed printing functionality, and it enumerates
real-life scenarios that help to clarify the features that need to be
included in a printing protocol for the Internet. It identifies
requirements for three types of users: end users, operators, and
administrators. It calls out a subset of end user requirements that
are satisfied in IPP/1.0. A few OPTIONAL operator operations have
been added to IPP/1.1.

The "Rationale for the Structure and Model and Protocol for the
Internet Printing Protocol" document describes IPP from a high level
view, defines a roadmap for the various documents that form the suite
of IPP specification documents, and gives background and rationale
for the IETF working group's major decisions.

The "Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Encoding and Transport" document
is a formal mapping of the abstract operations and attributes defined
in the model document onto HTTP/1.1 [RFC2616]. It defines the
encoding rules for a new Internet MIME media type called
"application/ipp". This document also defines the rules for
transporting over HTTP a message body whose Content-Type is
"application/ipp". This document defines a new scheme named 'ipp'
for identifying IPP printers and jobs.

The "Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Implementer's Guide" document
gives insight and advice to implementers of IPP clients and IPP
objects. It is intended to help them understand IPP/1.1 and some of
the considerations that may assist them in the design of their client
and/or IPP object implementations. For example, a typical order of
processing requests is given, including error checking. Motivation
for some of the specification decisions is also included.

The "Mapping between LPD and IPP Protocols" document gives some
advice to implementers of gateways between IPP and LPD (Line Printer
Daemon) implementations.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction 9
1.1 Simplified Printing Model 10
2. IPP Objects 12
2.1 Printer Object 13
2.2 Job Object 15
2.3 Object Relationships 16
2.4 Object Identity 17
3. IPP Operations 20
3.1 Common Semantics 21
3.1.1 Required Parameters 21
3.1.2 Operation IDs and Request IDs 22
3.1.3 Attributes 22
3.1.4 Character Set and Natural Language Operation Attribute 24
3.1.4.1 Request Operation Attributes 25
3.1.4.2 Response Operation Attributes 29
3.1.5 Operation Targets 30
3.1.6 Operation Response Status Codes and Status Messages 32
3.1.6.1 "status-code" (type2 enum) 32
3.1.6.2 "status-message" (text(255)) 33
3.1.6.3 "detailed-status-message" (text(MAX)) 33
3.1.6.4 "document-Access-error" (text(MAX)) 34
3.1.7 Unsupported Attributes 34
3.1.8 Versions 36
3.1.9 Job Creation Operations 38
3.2 Printer Operations 41
3.2.1 Print-Job Operation 41
3.2.1.1 Print-Job Request 41
3.2.1.2 Print-Job Response 46
3.2.2 Print-URI Operation 48
3.2.3 Validate-Job Operation 49
3.2.4 Create-Job Operation 49
3.2.5 Get-Printer-Attributes Operation 50
3.2.5.1 Get-Printer-Attributes Request 51
3.2.5.2 Get-Printer-Attributes Response 53
3.2.6 Get-Jobs Operation 54
3.2.6.1 Get-Jobs Request 54
3.2.6.2 Get-Jobs Response 56
3.2.7 Pause-Printer Operation 57
3.2.7.1 Pause-Printer Request 59
3.2.7.2 Pause-Printer Response 60
3.2.8 Resume-Printer Operation 60
3.2.9 Purge-Jobs Operation 61
3.3 Job Operations 62
3.3.1 Send-Document Operation 62
3.3.1.1 Send-Document Request 64
3.3.1.2 Send-Document Response 65

3.3.2 Send-URI Operation 66
3.3.3 Cancel-Job Operation 66
3.3.3.1 Cancel-Job Request 67
3.3.3.2 Cancel-Job Response 68
3.3.4 Get-Job-Attributes Operation 69
3.3.4.1 Get-Job-Attributes Request 69
3.3.4.2 Get-Job-Attributes Response 70
3.3.5 Hold-Job Operation 71
3.3.5.1 Hold-Job Request 72
3.3.5.2 Hold-Job Response 73
3.3.6 Release-Job Operation 74
3.3.7 Restart-Job Operation 75
3.3.7.1 Restart-Job Request 76
3.3.7.2 Restart-Job Response 78
4. Object Attributes 78
4.1 Attribute Syntaxes 78
4.1.1 'text' 79
4.1.1.1 'textWithoutLanguage' 80
4.1.1.2 'textWithLanguage' 80
4.1.2 'name' 81
4.1.2.1 'nameWithoutLanguage' 82
4.1.2.2 'nameWithLanguage' 82
4.1.2.3 Matching 'name' attribute values 83
4.1.3 'keyWord' 84
4.1.4 'enum' 85
4.1.5 'uri' 85
4.1.6 'uriScheme' 86
4.1.7 'charset' 86
4.1.8 'naturalLanguage' 87
4.1.9 'mimeMediaType' 87
4.1.9.1 Application/octet-stream -- Auto-Sensing 88
the document format
4.1.10 'octetString' 89
4.1.11 'boolean' 89
4.1.12 'integer' 89
4.1.13 'rangeOfInteger' 90
4.1.14 'dateTime' 90
4.1.15 'resolution' 90
4.1.16 '1setOf X' 90
4.2 Job Template Attributes 91
4.2.1 job-priority (integer(1:100)) 94
4.2.2 job-hold-until (type3 keyword name (MAX)) 95
4.2.3 job-sheets (type3 keyword name(MAX)) 96
4.2.4 multiple-document-handling (type2 keyword) 96
4.2.5 copies (integer(1:MAX)) 98
4.2.6 finishings (1setOf type2 enum) 98
4.2.7 page-ranges (1setOf rangeOfInteger (1:MAX)) 101
4.2.8 sides (type2 keyword) 102

4.2.9 number-up (integer(1:MAX)) 102
4.2.10 orientation-requested (type2 enum) 103
4.2.11 media (type3 keyword name(MAX)) 104
4.2.12 printer-resolution (resolution) 105
4.2.13 print-quality (type2 enum) 105
4.3 Job Description Attributes 106
4.3.1 job-uri (uri) 107
4.3.2 job-id (integer(1:MAX)) 108
4.3.3 job-printer-uri (uri) 108
4.3.4 job-more-info (uri) 108
4.3.5 job-name (name(MAX)) 108
4.3.6 job-originating-user-name (name(MAX)) 109
4.3.7 job-state (type1 enum) 109
4.3.7.1 Forwarding Servers 112
4.3.7.2 Partitioning of Job States 112
4.3.8 job-state-reasons (1setOf type2 keyword) 113
4.3.9 job-state-message (text(MAX)) 118
4.3.10 job-detailed-status-messages (1setOf text(MAX)) 118
4.3.11 job-document-access-errors (1setOf text(MAX)) 118
4.3.12 number-of-documents (integer(0:MAX)) 119
4.3.13 output-device-assigned (name(127)) 119
4.3.14 Event Time Job Description Attributes 119
4.3.14.1 time-at-creation (integer(MIN:MAX)) 120
4.3.14.2 time-at-processing (integer(MIN:MAX)) 120
4.3.14.3 time-at-completed (integer(MIN:MAX)) 120
4.3.14.4 job-printer-up-time (integer(1:MAX)) 120
4.3.14.5 date-time-at-creation (dateTime) 121
4.3.14.6 date-time-at-processing (dateTime) 121
4.3.14.7 date-time-at-completed (dateTime) 121
4.3.15 number-of-intervening-jobs (integer(0:MAX)) 121
4.3.16 job-message-from-operator (text(127)) 121
4.3.17 Job Size Attributes 121
4.3.17.1 job-k-octets (integer(0:MAX)) 122
4.3.17.2 job-impressions (integer(0:MAX)) 122
4.3.17.3 job-media-sheets (integer(0:MAX)) 123
4.3.18 Job Progress Attributes 123
4.3.18.1 job-k-octets-processed (integer(0:MAX)) 123
4.3.18.2 job-impressions-completed (integer(0:MAX)) 123
4.3.18.3 job-media-sheets-completed (integer(0:MAX)) 124
4.3.19 attributes-charset (charset) 124
4.3.20 attributes-natural-language (naturalLanguage) 124
4.4 Printer Description Attributes 124
4.4.1 printer-uri-supported (1setOf uri) 126
4.4.2 uri-authentication-supported (1setOf type2 keyword) 127
4.4.3 uri-security-supported (1setOf type2 keyword) 128
4.4.4 printer-name (name(127)) 129
4.4.5 printer-location (text(127)) 129
4.4.6 printer-info (text(127)) 130

4.4.7 printer-more-info (uri) 130
4.4.8 printer-driver-installer (uri) 130
4.4.9 printer-make-and-model (text(127)) 130
4.4.10 printer-more-info-manufacturer (uri) 130
4.4.11 printer-state (type1 enum) 131
4.4.12 printer-state-reasons (1setOf type2 keyword) 131
4.4.13 printer-state-message (text(MAX)) 134
4.4.14 ipp-versions-supported (1setOf type2 keyword) 134
4.4.15 operations-supported (1setOf type2 enum) 135
4.4.16 multiple-document-jobs-supported (boolean) 136
4.4.17 charset-configured (charset) 136
4.4.18 charset-supported (1setOf charset) 137
4.4.19 natural-language-configured (naturalLanguage) 137
4.4.20 generated-natural-language-supported
(1setOf naturalLanguage) 137
4.4.21 document-format-default (mimeMediaType) 138
4.4.22 document-format-supported (1setOf mimeMediaType) 138
4.4.23 printer-is-accepting-jobs (boolean) 138
4.4.24 queued-job-count (integer(0:MAX)) 138
4.4.25 printer-message-from-operator (text(127)) 139
4.4.26 color-supported (boolean) 139
4.4.27 reference-uri-schemes-supported (1setOf uriScheme) 139
4.4.28 pdl-override-supported (type2 keyword) 139
4.4.29 printer-up-time (integer(1:MAX)) 140
4.4.30 printer-current-time (dateTime) 140
4.4.31 multiple-operation-time-out (integer(1:MAX)) 141
4.4.32 compression-supported (1setOf type3 keyword) 141
4.4.33 job-k-octets-supported (rangeOfInteger(0:MAX)) 142
4.4.34 job-impressions-supported (rangeOfInteger(0:MAX)) 142
4.4.35 job-media-sheets-supported (rangeOfInteger(0:MAX)) 142
4.4.36 pages-per-minute (integer(0:MAX)) 142
4.4.37 pages-per-minute-color (integer(0:MAX)) 142
5. Conformance 143
5.1 Client Conformance Requirements 143
5.2 IPP Object Conformance Requirements 145
5.2.1 Objects 145
5.2.2 Operations 145
5.2.3 IPP Object Attributes 146
5.2.4 Versions 146
5.2.5 Extensions 147
5.2.6 Attribute Syntaxes 147
5.2.7 Security 148
5.3 Charset and Natural Language Requirements 148
6. IANA Considerations 148
6.1 Typed 'keyword' and 'enum' Extensions 149
6.2 Attribute Extensibility 151
6.3 Attribute Syntax Extensibility 152
6.4 Operation Extensibility 152

6.5 Attribute Group Extensibility 153
6.6 Status Code Extensibility 153
6.7 Out-of-band Attribute Value Extensibility 154
6.8 Registration of MIME types/sub-types for document-formats 154
6.9 Registration of charsets for use in 'charset'
attribute values 154
7. Internationalization Considerations 154
8. Security Considerations 158
8.1 Security Scenarios 159
8.1.1 Client and Server in the Same Security Domain 159
8.1.2 Client and Server in Different Security Domains 159
8.1.3 Print by Reference 160
8.2 URIs in Operation, Job, and Printer attributes 160
8.3 URIs for each authentication mechanisms 160
8.4 Restricted Queries 161
8.5 Operations performed by operators and system
administrators 161
8.6 Queries on jobs submitted using non-IPP protocols 162
9. References 162
10. Authors' Addresses 166
11. Formats for IPP Registration Proposals 168
11.1 Type2 keyword attribute values registration 169
11.2 Type3 keyword attribute values registration 169
11.3 Type2 enum attribute values registration 169
11.4 Type3 enum attribute values registration 170
11.5 Attribute registration 170
11.6 Attribute Syntax registration 171
11.7 Operation registration 171
11.8 Attribute Group registration 171
11.9 Status code registration 172
11.10 Out-of-band Attribute Value registration 172
12. APPENDIX A: Terminology 173
12.1 Conformance Terminology 173
12.1.1 NEED NOT 173
12.2 Model Terminology 173
12.2.1 Keyword 173
12.2.2 Attributes 173
12.2.2.1 Attribute Name 173
12.2.2.2 Attribute Group Name 174
12.2.2.3 Attribute Value 174
12.2.2.4 Attribute Syntax 174
12.2.3 Supports 174
12.2.4 print-stream page 176
12.2.5 impression 177
13. APPENDIX B: Status Codes and Suggested Status Code Messages 177
13.1 Status Codes 178
13.1.1 Informational 178
13.1.2 Successful Status Codes 178

13.1.2.1 successful-ok (0x0000) 178
13.1.2.2 successful-ok-ignored-or-substituted-attributes
(0x0001) 179
13.1.2.3 successful-ok-conflicting-attributes (0x0002) 179
13.1.3 Redirection Status Codes 179
13.1.4 Client Error Status Codes 179
13.1.4.1 client-error-bad-request (0x0400) 180
13.1.4.2 client-error-forbidden (0x0401) 180
13.1.4.3 client-error-not-authenticated (0x0402) 180
13.1.4.4 client-error-not-authorized (0x0403) 180
13.1.4.5 client-error-not-possible (0x0404) 180
13.1.4.6 client-error-timeout (0x0405) 181
13.1.4.7 client-error-not-found (0x0406) 181
13.1.4.8 client-error-gone (0x0407) 181
13.1.4.9 client-error-request-entity-too-large (0x0408) 182
13.1.4.10 client-error-request-value-too-long (0x0409) 182
13.1.4.11 client-error-document-format-not-supported (0x040A) 182
13.1.4.12 client-error-attributes-or-values-not-supported
(0x040B) 183
13.1.4.13 client-error-uri-scheme-not-supported (0x040C) 183
13.1.4.14 client-error-charset-not-supported (0x040D) 183
13.1.4.15 client-error-conflicting-attributes (0x040E) 183
13.1.4.16 client-error-compression-not-supported (0x040F) 184
13.1.4.17 client-error-compression-error (0x0410) 184
13.1.4.18 client-error-document-format-error (0x0411) 184
13.1.4.19 client-error-document-access-error (0x0412) 184
13.1.5 Server Error Status Codes 185
13.1.5.1 server-error-internal-error (0x0500) 185
13.1.5.2 server-error-operation-not-supported (0x0501) 185
13.1.5.3 server-error-service-unavailable (0x0502) 185
13.1.5.4 server-error-version-not-supported (0x0503) 185
13.1.5.5 server-error-device-error (0x0504) 186
13.1.5.6 server-error-temporary-error (0x0505) 186
13.1.5.7 server-error-not-accepting-jobs (0x0506) 187
13.1.5.8 server-error-busy (0x0507) 187
13.1.5.9 server-error-job-canceled (0x0508) 187
13.1.5.10 server-error-multiple-document-jobs-not-supported
(0x0509) 187
13.2 Status Codes for IPP Operations 187
14. APPENDIX C: "media" keyword values 190
15. APPENDIX D: Processing IPP Attributes 208
15.1 Fidelity 209
15.2 Page Description Language (PDL) Override 210
15.3 Using Job Template Attributes During Document Processing 212
16. APPENDIX E: Generic Directory Schema 214
17. APPENDIX F: Differences between the IPP/1.0 and IPP/1.1
"Model and Semantics" Documents 215
18. Full Copyright Statement 224

1. Introduction

The Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) is an application level protocol
that can be used for distributed printing using Internet tools and
technologies. IPP version 1.1 (IPP/1.1) focuses primarily on end
user functionality with a few administrative operations included.
This document is just one of a suite of documents that fully define
IPP. The full set of IPP documents includes:

Design Goals for an Internet Printing Protocol [RFC2567]
Rationale for the Structure and Model and Protocol for the Internet
Printing Protocol [RFC2568]
Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Model and Semantics (this document)
Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Encoding and Transport [RFC2910]
Internet Printing Protocol/1.1: Implementer's Guide [IPP-IIG]
Mapping between LPD and IPP Protocols [RFC2569]

Anyone reading these documents for the first time is strongly
encouraged to read the IPP documents in the above order.

This document is laid out as follows:

- The rest of Section 1 is an introduction to the IPP simplified
model for distributed printing.
- Section 2 introduces the object types covered in the model with
their basic behaviors, attributes, and interactions.
- Section 3 defines the operations included in IPP/1.1. IPP
operations are synchronous, therefore, for each operation, there is
a both request and a response.
- Section 4 defines the attributes (and their syntaxes) that are used
in the model.
- Sections 5 - 6 summarizes the implementation conformance
requirements for objects that support the protocol and IANA
considerations, respectively.
- Sections 7 - 11 cover the Internationalization and Security
considerations as well as References, Author contact information,
and Formats for Registration Proposals.
- Sections 12 - 14 are appendices that cover Terminology, Status
Codes and Messages, and "media" keyword values.

Note: This document uses terms such as "attributes", "keywords",
and "support". These terms have special meaning and are defined
in the model terminology section 12.2. Capitalized terms, such
as MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, MAY, NEED NOT,
and OPTIONAL, have special meaning relating to conformance.
These terms are defined in section 12.1 on conformance
terminology, most of which is taken from RFC2119 [RFC2119].

- Section 15 is an appendix that helps to clarify the effects of
interactions between related attributes and their values.
- Section 16 is an appendix that enumerates the subset of Printer
attributes that form a generic directory schema. These attributes
are useful when registering a Printer so that a client can find the
Printer not just by name, but by filtered searches as well.
- Section 17 is an appendix summarizing the additions and changes
from the IPP/1.0 "Model and Semantics" document [RFC2566] to make
this IPP/1.1 document.
- Section 18 is the full copyright notice.

1.1 Simplified Printing Model

In order to achieve its goal of realizing a workable printing
protocol for the Internet, the Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) is
based on a simplified printing model that abstracts the many
components of real world printing solutions. The Internet is a
distributed computing environment where requesters of print services
(clients, applications, printer drivers, etc.) cooperate and interact
with print service providers. This model and semantics document
describes a simple, abstract model for IPP even though the underlying
configurations may be complex "n-tier" client/server systems. An
important simplifying step in the IPP model is to eXPose only the key
objects and interfaces required for printing. The model described in
this model document does not include features, interfaces, and
relationships that are beyond the scope of the first version of IPP
(IPP/1.1). IPP/1.1 incorporates many of the relevant ideas and
lessons learned from other specification and development efforts
[HTPP] [ISO10175] [LDPA] [P1387.4] [PSIS] [RFC1179] [SWP]. IPP is
heavily influenced by the printing model introduced in the Document
Printing Application (DPA) [ISO10175] standard. Although DPA
specifies both end user and administrative features, IPP version 1.1
(IPP/1.1) focuses primarily on end user functionality with a few
additional OPTIONAL operator operations.

The IPP/1.1 model encapsulates the important components of
distributed printing into two object types:

- Printer (Section 2.1)
- Job (Section 2.2)

Each object type has an associated set of operations (see section 3)
and attributes (see section 4).

It is important, however, to understand that in real system
implementations (which lie underneath the abstracted IPP/1.1 model),
there are other components of a print service which are not
explicitly defined in the IPP/1.1 model. The following figure
illustrates where IPP/1.1 fits with respect to these other
components.

+--------------+
Application
o +. . . . . . .
/ Spooler
/ +. . . . . . . +---------+
End-User Print Driver --- File
+-----------+ +-----+ +------+-------+ +----+----+
Browser GUI
+-----+-----+ +--+--+

+---+------------+---+
N D S IPP Client ------------+
O I E +---------+----------+
T R C
I E U
F C R -------------- Transport ------------------
I T I
C O T --+
A R Y +--------+--------+
T Y IPP Server
I +--------+--------+
O
N +-----------------+ IPP Printer
Print Service
+-----------------+
--+
+-----------------+
Output Device(s)
+-----------------+

An IPP Printer object encapsulates the functions normally associated
with physical output devices along with the spooling, scheduling and
multiple device management functions often associated with a print
server. Printer objects are optionally registered as entries in a
directory where end users find and select them based on some sort of
filtered and context based searching mechanism (see section 16). The
directory is used to store relatively static information about the
Printer, allowing end users to search for and find Printers that
match their search criteria, for example: name, context, printer
capabilities, etc. The more dynamic information, such as state,
currently loaded and ready media, number of jobs at the Printer,

errors, warnings, and so forth, is directly associated with the
Printer object itself rather than with the entry in the directory
which only represents the Printer object.

IPP clients implement the IPP protocol on the client side and give
end users (or programs running on behalf of end users) the ability to
query Printer objects and submit and manage print jobs. An IPP
server is just that part of the Printer object that implements the
server-side protocol. The rest of the Printer object implements (or
gateways into) the application semantics of the print service itself.
The Printer objects may be embedded in an output device or may be
implemented on a host on the network that communicates with an output
device.

When a job is submitted to the Printer object and the Printer object
validates the attributes in the submission request, the Printer
object creates a new Job object. The end user then interacts with
this new Job object to query its status and monitor the progress of
the job. An end user can also cancel their print jobs by using the
Job object's Cancel-Job operation. An end-user can also hold,
release, and restart their print jobs using the Job object's OPTIONAL
Hold-Job, Release-Job, and Restart-Job operations, if implemented.

A privileged operator or administrator of a Printer object can
cancel, hold, release, and restart any user's job using the REQUIRED
Cancel-Job and the OPTIONAL Hold-Job, Release-Job, and Restart-Job
operations. In additional privileged operator or administrator of a
Printer object can pause, resume, or purge (jobs from) a Printer
object using the OPTIONAL Pause-Printer, Resume-Printer, and Purge-
Jobs operations, if implemented.

The notification service is out of scope for this IPP/1.1 document,
but using such a notification service, the end user is able to
register for and receive Printer specific and Job specific events.
An end user can query the status of Printer objects and can follow
the progress of Job objects by polling using the Get-Printer-
Attributes, Get-Jobs, and Get-Job-Attributes operations.

2. IPP Objects

The IPP/1.1 model introduces objects of type Printer and Job. Each
type of object models relevant aspects of a real-world entity such as
a real printer or real print job. Each object type is defined as a
set of possible attributes that may be supported by instances of that
object type. For each object (instance), the actual set of supported
attributes and values describe a specific implementation. The
object's attributes and values describe its state, capabilities,
realizable features, job processing functions, and default behaviors

and characteristics. For example, the Printer object type is defined
as a set of attributes that each Printer object potentially supports.
In the same manner, the Job object type is defined as a set of
attributes that are potentially supported by each Job object.

Each attribute included in the set of attributes defining an object
type is labeled as:

- "REQUIRED": each object MUST support the attribute.
- "RECOMMENDED": each object SHOULD support the attribute.
- "OPTIONAL": each object MAY support the attribute.

Some definitions of attribute values indicate that an object MUST or
SHOULD support the value; otherwise, support of the value is
OPTIONAL.

However, if an implementation supports an attribute, it MUST support
at least one of the possible values for that attribute.

2.1 Printer Object

The major component of the IPP/1.1 model is the Printer object. A
Printer object implements the server-side of the IPP/1.1 protocol.
Using the protocol, end users may query the attributes of the Printer
object and submit print jobs to the Printer object. The actual
implementation components behind the Printer abstraction may take on
different forms and different configurations. However, the model
abstraction allows the details of the configuration of real
components to remain opaque to the end user. Section 3 describes
each of the Printer operations in detail.

The capabilities and state of a Printer object are described by its
attributes. Printer attributes are divided into two groups:

- "job-template" attributes: These attributes describe supported job
processing capabilities and defaults for the Printer object. (See
section 4.2)
- "printer-description" attributes: These attributes describe the
Printer object's identification, state, location, references to
other sources of information about the Printer object, etc. (see
section 4.4)

Since a Printer object is an abstraction of a generic document output
device and print service provider, a Printer object could be used to
represent any real or virtual device with semantics consistent with
the Printer object, such as a fax device, an imager, or even a CD
writer.

Some examples of configurations supporting a Printer object include:

1) An output device with no spooling capabilities
2) An output device with a built-in spooler
3) A print server supporting IPP with one or more associated
output devices
3a) The associated output devices may or may not be capable of
spooling jobs
3b) The associated output devices may or may not support IPP

The following figures show some examples of how Printer objects can
be realized on top of various distributed printing configurations.
The embedded case below represents configurations 1 and 2. The hosted
and fan-out figures below represent configurations 3a and 3b.

In this document the term "client" refers to a software entity that
sends IPP operation requests to an IPP Printer object and accepts IPP
operation responses. A client MAY be:

1. contained within software controlled by an end user, e.g.
activated by the "Print" menu item in an application or

2. the print server component that sends IPP requests to either an
output device or another "downstream" print server.

The term "IPP Printer" is a network entity that accepts IPP operation
requests and returns IPP operation responses. As such, an IPP object
MAY be:

1. an (embedded) device component that accepts IPP requests and
controls the device or

2. a component of a print server that accepts IPP requests (where
the print server controls one or more networked devices using
IPP or other protocols).

Legend:

##### indicates a Printer object which is
either embedded in an output device or is
hosted in a server. The Printer object
might or might not be capable of queuing/spooling.

any indicates any network protocol or direct
connect, including IPP

embedded printer:
output device
+---------------+
O +--------+ ###########
/ client ------------IPP------------># Printer #
/ +--------+ # Object #
###########
+---------------+

hosted printer:
+---------------+
O +--------+ ###########
/ client --IPP--># Printer #-any-> output device
/ +--------+ # Object #
########### +---------------+

+---------------+
fan out:
+--> output device
any/
O +--------+ ########### / +---------------+
/ client -IPP-># Printer #--*
/ +--------+ # Object # +---------------+
########### any
+--> output device

+---------------+

2.2 Job Object

A Job object is used to model a print job. A Job object contains
documents. The information required to create a Job object is sent
in a create request from the end user via an IPP Client to the
Printer object. The Printer object validates the create request, and
if the Printer object accepts the request, the Printer object creates
the new Job object. Section 3 describes each of the Job operations
in detail.

The characteristics and state of a Job object are described by its
attributes. Job attributes are grouped into two groups as follows:

- "job-template" attributes: These attributes can be supplied by
the client or end user and include job processing instructions
which are intended to override any Printer object defaults
and/or instructions embedded within the document data. (See
section 4.2)

- "job-description" attributes: These attributes describe the Job
object's identification, state, size, etc. The client supplies
some of these attributes, and the Printer object generates
others. (See section 4.3)

An implementation MUST support at least one document per Job object.
An implementation MAY support multiple documents per Job object. A
document is either:

- a stream of document data in a format supported by the Printer
object (typically a Page Description Language - PDL), or
- a reference to such a stream of document data

In IPP/1.1, a document is not modeled as an IPP object, therefore it
has no object identifier or associated attributes. All job
processing instructions are modeled as Job object attributes. These
attributes are called Job Template attributes and they apply equally
to all documents within a Job object.

2.3 Object Relationships

IPP objects have relationships that are maintained persistently along
with the persistent storage of the object attributes.

A Printer object can represent either one or more physical output
devices or a logical device which "processes" jobs but never actually
uses a physical output device to put marks on paper. Examples of
logical devices include a Web page publisher or a gateway into an
online document archive or repository. A Printer object contains
zero or more Job objects.

A Job object is contained by exactly one Printer object, however the
identical document data associated with a Job object could be sent to
either the same or a different Printer object. In this case, a
second Job object would be created which would be almost identical to
the first Job object, however it would have new (different) Job
object identifiers (see section 2.4).

A Job object is either empty (before any documents have been added)
or contains one or more documents. If the contained document is a
stream of document data, that stream can be contained in only one
document. However, there can be identical copies of the stream in
other documents in the same or different Job objects. If the
contained document is just a reference to a stream of document data,
other documents (in the same or different Job object(s)) may contain
the same reference.

2.4 Object Identity

All Printer and Job objects are identified by a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI) [RFC2396] so that they can be persistently and
unambiguously referenced. Since every URL is a specialized form of a
URI, even though the more generic term URI is used throughout the
rest of this document, its usage is intended to cover the more
specific notion of URL as well.

An administrator configures Printer objects to either support or not
support authentication and/or message privacy using Transport Layer
Security (TLS) [RFC2246] (the mechanism for security configuration is
outside the scope of this IPP/1.1 document). In some situations,
both types of connections (both authenticated and unauthenticated)
can be established using a single communication channel that has some
sort of negotiation mechanism. In other situations, multiple
communication channels are used, one for each type of security
configuration. Section 8 provides a full description of all security
considerations and configurations.

If a Printer object supports more than one communication channel,
some or all of those channels might support and/or require different
security mechanisms. In such cases, an administrator could expose
the simultaneous support for these multiple communication channels as
multiple URIs for a single Printer object where each URI represents
one of the communication channels to the Printer object. To support
this flexibility, the IPP Printer object type defines a multi-valued
identification attribute called the "printer-uri-supported"
attribute. It MUST contain at least one URI. It MAY contain more
than one URI. That is, every Printer object will have at least one
URI that identifies at least one communication channel to the Printer
object, but it may have more than one URI where each URI identifies a
different communication channel to the Printer object. The
"printer-uri-supported" attribute has two companion attributes, the
"uri-security-supported" attribute and the "uri-authentication-
supported". Both have the same cardinality as "printer-uri-
supported". The purpose of the "uri-security-supported" attribute is
to indicate the security mechanisms (if any) used for each URI listed
in "printer-uri-supported". The purpose of the "uri-authentication-
supported" attribute is to indicate the authentication mechanisms (if
any) used for each URI listed in "printer-uri-supported". These
three attributes are fully described in sections 4.4.1, 4.4.2, and
4.4.3.

When a job is submitted to the Printer object via a create request,
the client supplies only a single Printer object URI. The client
supplied Printer object URI MUST be one of the values in the
"printer-uri-supported" Printer attribute.

IPP/1.1 does not specify how the client oBTains the client supplied
URI, but it is RECOMMENDED that a Printer object be registered as an
entry in a directory service. End-users and programs can then
interrogate the directory searching for Printers. Section 16 defines
a generic schema for Printer object entries in the directory service
and describes how the entry acts as a bridge to the actual IPP
Printer object. The entry in the directory that represents the IPP
Printer object includes the possibly many URIs for that Printer
object as values in one its attributes.

When a client submits a create request to the Printer object, the
Printer object validates the request and creates a new Job object.
The Printer object assigns the new Job object a URI which is stored
in the "job-uri" Job attribute. This URI is then used by clients as
the target for subsequent Job operations. The Printer object
generates a Job URI based on its configured security policy and the
URI used by the client in the create request.

For example, consider a Printer object that supports both a
communication channel secured by the use of SSL3 (using HTTP over
SSL3 with an "https" schemed URI) and another open communication
channel that is not secured with SSL3 (using a simple "http" schemed
URI). If a client were to submit a job using the secure URI, the
Printer object would assign the new Job object a secure URI as well.
If a client were to submit a job using the open-channel URI, the
Printer would assign the new Job object an open-channel URI.

In addition, the Printer object also populates the Job object's
"job-printer-uri" attribute. This is a reference back to the Printer
object that created the Job object. If a client only has access to a
Job object's "job-uri" identifier, the client can query the Job's
"job-printer-uri" attribute in order to determine which Printer
object created the Job object. If the Printer object supports more
than one URI, the Printer object picks the one URI supplied by the
client when creating the job to build the value for and to populate
the Job's "job-printer-uri" attribute.

Allowing Job objects to have URIs allows for flexibility and
scalability. For example, in some implementations, the Printer
object might create Jobs that are processed in the same local
environment as the Printer object itself. In this case, the Job URI
might just be a composition of the Printer's URI and some unique
component for the Job object, such as the unique 32-bit positive
integer mentioned later in this paragraph. In other implementations,
the Printer object might be a central clearing-house for validating
all Job object creation requests, but the Job object itself might be
created in some environment that is remote from the Printer object.
In this case, the Job object's URI may have no physical-location

relationship at all to the Printer object's URI. Again, the fact
that Job objects have URIs allows for flexibility and scalability,
however, many existing printing systems have local models or
interface constraints that force print jobs to be identified using
only a 32-bit positive integer rather than an independent URI. This
numeric Job ID is only unique within the context of the Printer
object to which the create request was originally submitted.
Therefore, in order to allow both types of client access to IPP Job
objects (either by Job URI or by numeric Job ID), when the Printer
object successfully processes a create request and creates a new Job
object, the Printer object MUST generate both a Job URI and a Job ID.
The Job ID (stored in the "job-id" attribute) only has meaning in the
context of the Printer object to which the create request was
originally submitted. This requirement to support both Job URIs and
Job IDs allows all types of clients to access Printer objects and Job
objects no matter the local constraints imposed on the client
implementation.

In addition to identifiers, Printer objects and Job objects have
names ("printer-name" and "job-name"). An object name NEED NOT be
unique across all instances of all objects. A Printer object's name
is chosen and set by an administrator through some mechanism outside
the scope of this IPP/1.1 document. A Job object's name is
optionally chosen and supplied by the IPP client submitting the job.
If the client does not supply a Job object name, the Printer object
generates a name for the new Job object. In all cases, the name only
has local meaning.

To summarize:

- Each Printer object is identified with one or more URIs. The
Printer's "printer-uri-supported" attribute contains the URI(s).
- The Printer object's "uri-security-supported" attribute
identifies the communication channel security protocols that may
or may not have been configured for the various Printer object
URIs (e.g., 'tls' or 'none').
- The Printer object's "uri-authentication-supported" attribute
identifies the authentication mechanisms that may or may not
have been configured for the various Printer object URIs (e.g.,
'digest' or 'none').
- Each Job object is identified with a Job URI. The Job's "job-
uri" attribute contains the URI.
- Each Job object is also identified with Job ID which is a 32-
bit, positive integer. The Job's "job-id" attribute contains
the Job ID. The Job ID is only unique within the context of the
Printer object which created the Job object.

- Each Job object has a "job-printer-uri" attribute which contains
the URI of the Printer object that was used to create the Job
object. This attribute is used to determine the Printer object
that created a Job object when given only the URI for the Job
object. This linkage is necessary to determine the languages,
charsets, and operations which are supported on that Job (the
basis for such support comes from the creating Printer object).
- Each Printer object has a name (which is not necessarily
unique). The administrator chooses and sets this name through
some mechanism outside the scope of this IPP/1.1 document. The
Printer object's "printer-name" attribute contains the name.
- Each Job object has a name (which is not necessarily unique).
The client optionally supplies this name in the create request.
If the client does not supply this name, the Printer object
generates a name for the Job object. The Job object's "job-name"
attribute contains the name.

3. IPP Operations

IPP objects support operations. An operation consists of a request
and a response. When a client communicates with an IPP object, the
client issues an operation request to the URI for that object.
Operation requests and responses have parameters that identify the
operation. Operations also have attributes that affect the run-time
characteristics of the operation (the intended target, localization
information, etc.). These operation-specific attributes are called
operation attributes (as compared to object attributes such as
Printer object attributes or Job object attributes). Each request
carries along with it any operation attributes, object attributes,
and/or document data required to perform the operation. Each request
requires a response from the object. Each response indicates success
or failure of the operation with a status code as a response
parameter. The response contains any operation attributes, object
attributes, and/or status messages generated during the execution of
the operation request.

This section describes the semantics of the IPP operations, both
requests and responses, in terms of the parameters, attributes, and
other data associated with each operation.

The IPP/1.1 Printer operations are:

Print-Job (section 3.2.1)
Print-URI (section 3.2.2)
Validate-Job (section 3.2.3)
Create-Job (section 3.2.4)
Get-Printer-Attributes (section 3.2.5)
Get-Jobs (section 3.2.6)
Pause-Printer (section 3.3.5)
Resume-Printer (section 3.3.6)
Purge-Jobs (section 3.3.7)

The Job operations are:

Send-Document (section 3.3.1)
Send-URI (section 3.3.2)
Cancel-Job (section 3.3.3)
Get-Job-Attributes (section 3.3.4)
Hold-Job (section 3.3.5)
Release-Job (section 3.3.6)
Restart-Job (section 3.3.7)

The Send-Document and Send-URI Job operations are used to add a new
document to an existing multi-document Job object created using the
Create-Job operation.

3.1 Common Semantics

All IPP operations require some common parameters and operation
attributes. These common elements and their semantic characteristics
are defined and described in more detail in the following sections.

3.1.1 Required Parameters

Every operation request contains the following REQUIRED parameters:

- a "version-number",
- an "operation-id",
- a "request-id", and
- the attributes that are REQUIRED for that type of request.

Every operation response contains the following REQUIRED parameters:

- a "version-number",
- a "status-code",
- the "request-id" that was supplied in the corresponding request,
and
- the attributes that are REQUIRED for that type of response.

The "Encoding and Transport" document [RFC2910] defines special rules
for the encoding of these parameters. All other operation elements
are represented using the more generic encoding rules for attributes
and groups of attributes.

3.1.2 Operation IDs and Request IDs

Each IPP operation request includes an identifying "operation-id"
value. Valid values are defined in the "operations-supported"
Printer attribute section (see section 4.4.15). The client specifies
which operation is being requested by supplying the correct
"operation-id" value.

In addition, every invocation of an operation is identified by a
"request-id" value. For each request, the client chooses the
"request-id" which MUST be an integer (possibly unique depending on
client requirements) in the range from 1 to 2**31 - 1 (inclusive).
This "request-id" allows clients to manage multiple outstanding
requests. The receiving IPP object copies all 32-bits of the client-
supplied "request-id" attribute into the response so that the client
can match the response with the correct outstanding request, even if
the "request-id" is out of range. If the request is terminated
before the complete "request-id" is received, the IPP object rejects
the request and returns a response with a "request-id" of 0.

Note: In some cases, the transport protocol underneath IPP might be a
connection oriented protocol that would make it impossible for a
client to receive responses in any order other than the order in
which the corresponding requests were sent. In such cases, the
"request-id" attribute would not be essential for correct protocol
operation. However, in other mappings, the operation responses can
come back in any order. In these cases, the "request-id" would be
essential.

3.1.3 Attributes

Operation requests and responses are both composed of groups of
attributes and/or document data. The attributes groups are:

- Operation Attributes: These attributes are passed in the
operation and affect the IPP object's behavior while processing
the operation request and may affect other attributes or groups
of attributes. Some operation attributes describe the document
data associated with the print job and are associated with new
Job objects, however most operation attributes do not persist
beyond the life of the operation. The description of each
operation attribute includes conformance statements indicating
which operation attributes are REQUIRED and which are OPTIONAL

for an IPP object to support and which attributes a client MUST
supply in a request and an IPP object MUST supply in a response.
- Job Template Attributes: These attributes affect the processing
of a job. A client OPTIONALLY supplies Job Template Attributes
in a create request, and the receiving object MUST be prepared
to receive all supported attributes. The Job object can later
be queried to find out what Job Template attributes were
originally requested in the create request, and such attributes
are returned in the response as Job Object Attributes. The
Printer object can be queried about its Job Template attributes
to find out what type of job processing capabilities are
supported and/or what the default job processing behaviors are,
though such attributes are returned in the response as Printer
Object Attributes. The "ipp-attribute-fidelity" operation
attribute affects processing of all client-supplied Job Template
attributes (see sections 3.2.1.2 and 15 for a full description
of "ipp-attribute-fidelity" and its relationship to other
attributes).
- Job Object Attributes: These attributes are returned in response
to a query operation directed at a Job object.
- Printer Object Attributes: These attributes are returned in
response to a query operation directed at a Printer object.
- Unsupported Attributes: In a create request, the client supplies
a set of Operation and Job Template attributes. If any of these
attributes or their values is unsupported by the Printer object,
the Printer object returns the set of unsupported attributes in
the response. Sections 3.1.7, 3.2.1.2, and 15 give a full
description of how Job Template attributes supplied by the
client in a create request are processed by the Printer object
and how unsupported attributes are returned to the client.
Because of extensibility, any IPP object might receive a request
that contains new or unknown attributes or values for which it
has no support. In such cases, the IPP object processes what it
can and returns the unsupported attributes in the response. The
Unsupported Attribute group is defined for all operation
responses for returning unsupported attributes that the client
supplied in the request.

Later in this section, each operation is formally defined by
identifying the allowed and expected groups of attributes for each
request and response. The model identifies a specific order for each
group in each request or response, but the attributes within each
group may be in any order, unless specified otherwise.

The attributes within a group MUST be unique; if an attribute with
the same name occurs more than once, the group is mal-formed.
Clients MUST NOT submit such malformed requests and Printers MUST NOT
return such malformed responses. If such a malformed request is

submitted to a Printer, the Printer MUST either (1) reject the
request with the 'client-error-bad-request' status code (see section
13.1.4.1) or (2) process the request normally after selecting only
one of the attribute instances, depending on implementation. Which
attribute is selected when there are duplicate attributes depends on
implementation. The IPP Printer MUST NOT use the values from more
than one such duplicate attribute instance.

Each attribute definition includes the attribute's name followed by
the name of its attribute syntax(es) in parenthesizes. In addition,
each 'integer' attribute is followed by the allowed range in
parentheses, (m:n), for values of that attribute. Each 'text' or
'name' attribute is followed by the maximum size in octets in
parentheses, (size), for values of that attribute. For more details
on attribute syntax notation, see the descriptions of these
attributes syntaxes in section 4.1.

Note: Document data included in the operation is not strictly an
attribute, but it is treated as a special attribute group for
ordering purposes. The only operations that support supplying the
document data within an operation request are Print-Job and Send-
Document. There are no operation responses that include document
data.

Some operations are REQUIRED for IPP objects to support; the others
are OPTIONAL (see section 5.2.2). Therefore, before using an
OPTIONAL operation, a client SHOULD first use the REQUIRED Get-
Printer-Attributes operation to query the Printer's "operations-
supported" attribute in order to determine which OPTIONAL Printer and
Job operations are actually supported. The client SHOULD NOT use an
OPTIONAL operation that is not supported. When an IPP object
receives a request to perform an operation it does not support, it
returns the 'server-error-operation-not-supported' status code (see
section 13.1.5.2). An IPP object is non-conformant if it does not
support a REQUIRED operation.

3.1.4 Character Set and Natural Language Operation Attributes

Some Job and Printer attributes have values that are text strings and
names intended for human understanding rather than machine
understanding (see the 'text' and 'name' attribute syntax
descriptions in section 4.1). The following sections describe two
special Operation Attributes called "attributes-charset" and
"attributes-natural-language". These attributes are always part of
the Operation Attributes group. For most attribute groups, the order
of the attributes within the group is not important. However, for
these two attributes within the Operation Attributes group, the order
is critical. The "attributes-charset" attribute MUST be the first

attribute in the group and the "attributes-natural-language"
attribute MUST be the second attribute in the group. In other words,
these attributes MUST be supplied in every IPP request and response,
they MUST come first in the group, and MUST come in the specified
order. For job creation operations, the IPP Printer implementation
saves these two attributes with the new Job object as Job Description
attributes. For the sake of brevity in this document, these
operation attribute descriptions are not repeated with every
operation request and response, but have a reference back to this
section instead.

3.1.4.1 Request Operation Attributes

The client MUST supply and the Printer object MUST support the
following REQUIRED operation attributes in every IPP/1.1 operation
request:

"attributes-charset" (charset):
This operation attribute identifies the charset (coded
character set and encoding method) used by any 'text' and
'name' attributes that the client is supplying in this request.
It also identifies the charset that the Printer object MUST use
(if supported) for all 'text' and 'name' attributes and status
messages that the Printer object returns in the response to
this request. See Sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 for the definition
of the 'text' and 'name' attribute syntaxes.

All clients and IPP objects MUST support the 'utf-8' charset
[RFC2279] and MAY support additional charsets provided that
they are registered with IANA [IANA-CS]. If the Printer object
does not support the client supplied charset value, the Printer
object MUST reject the request, set the "attributes-charset" to
'utf-8' in the response, and return the 'client-error-charset-
not-supported' status code and any 'text' or 'name' attributes
using the 'utf-8' charset. The Printer NEED NOT return any
attributes in the Unsupported Attributes Group (See sections
3.1.7 and 3.2.1.2). The Printer object MUST indicate the
charset(s) supported as the values of the "charset-supported"
Printer attribute (see Section 4.4.18), so that the client can
query to determine which charset(s) are supported.

Note to client implementers: Since IPP objects are only
required to support the 'utf-8' charset, in order to maximize
interoperability with multiple IPP object implementations, a
client may want to supply 'utf-8' in the "attributes-charset"
operation attribute, even though the client is only passing and
able to present a simpler charset, such as US-ASCII [ASCII] or
ISO-8859-1 [ISO8859-1]. Then the client will have to filter

out (or charset convert) those characters that are returned in
the response that it cannot present to its user. On the other
hand, if both the client and the IPP objects also support a
charset in common besides utf-8, the client may want to use
that charset in order to avoid charset conversion or data loss.

See the 'charset' attribute syntax description in Section 4.1.7
for the syntax and semantic interpretation of the values of
this attribute and for example values.

"attributes-natural-language" (naturalLanguage):
This operation attribute identifies the natural language used
by any 'text' and 'name' attributes that the client is
supplying in this request. This attribute also identifies the
natural language that the Printer object SHOULD use for all
'text' and 'name' attributes and status messages that the
Printer object returns in the response to this request. See
the 'naturalLanguage' attribute syntax description in section
4.1.8 for the syntax and semantic interpretation of the values
of this attribute and for example values.

There are no REQUIRED natural languages required for the
Printer object to support. However, the Printer object's
"generated-natural-language-supported" attribute identifies the
natural languages supported by the Printer object and any
contained Job objects for all text strings generated by the IPP
object. A client MAY query this attribute to determine which
natural language(s) are supported for generated messages.

For any of the attributes for which the Printer object
generates text, i.e., for the "job-state-message", "printer-
state-message", and status messages (see Section 3.1.6), the
Printer object MUST be able to generate these text strings in
any of its supported natural languages. If the client requests
a natural language that is not supported, the Printer object
MUST return these generated messages in the Printer's
configured natural language as specified by the Printer's
"natural-language-configured" attribute" (see Section 4.4.19).

For other 'text' and 'name' attributes supplied by the client,
authentication system, operator, system administrator, or
manufacturer (i.e., for "job-originating-user-name", "printer-
name" (name), "printer-location" (text), "printer-info" (text),
and "printer-make-and-model" (text)), the Printer object is
only required to support the configured natural language of the

Printer identified by the Printer object's "natural-language-
configured" attribute, though support of additional natural
languages for these attributes is permitted.

For any 'text' or 'name' attribute in the request that is in a
different natural language than the value supplied in the
"attributes-natural-language" operation attribute, the client
MUST use the Natural Language Override mechanism (see sections
4.1.1.2 and 4.1.2.2) for each such attribute value supplied.
The client MAY use the Natural Language Override mechanism
redundantly, i.e., use it even when the value is in the same
natural language as the value supplied in the "attributes-
natural-language" operation attribute of the request.

The IPP object MUST accept any natural language and any Natural
Language Override, whether the IPP object supports that natural
language or not (and independent of the value of the "ipp-
attribute-fidelity" Operation attribute). That is the IPP
object accepts all client supplied values no matter what the
values are in the Printer object's "generated-natural-
language-supported" attribute. That attribute, "generated-
natural-language-supported", only applies to generated
messages, not client supplied messages. The IPP object MUST
remember that natural language for all client-supplied
attributes, and when returning those attributes in response to
a query, the IPP object MUST indicate that natural language.

Each value whose attribute syntax type is 'text' or 'name' (see
sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2) has an Associated Natural-Language.
This document does not specify how this association is stored
in a Printer or Job object. When such a value is encoded in a
request or response, the natural language is either implicit or
explicit:

- In the implicit case, the value contains only the text/name
value, and the language is specified by the "attributes-
natural-language" operation attribute in the request or
response (see sections 4.1.1.1 textWithoutLanguage and
4.1.2.1 nameWithoutLanguage).

- In the explicit case (also known as the Natural-Language
Override case), the value contains both the language and the
text/name value (see sections 4.1.1.2 textWithLanguage and
4.1.2.2 nameWithLanguage).

For example, the "job-name" attribute MAY be supplied by the
client in a create request. The text value for this attribute
will be in the natural language identified by the "attribute-

natural-language" attribute, or if different, as identified by
the Natural Language Override mechanism. If supplied, the IPP
object will use the value of the "job-name" attribute to
populate the Job object's "job-name" attribute. Whenever any
client queries the Job object's "job-name" attri